European Imperialism &“The Great War” 1914-1918

1. European Imperialism &“The Great War” 1914-1918 AP Euro – Chapter 16: Imperialism and International Rivalries

2. Imperialism • One country’s domination of another (colonial imperialism)

3. The New Imperialism (1870-1914) The policy of extending a nation’s authority by territorial acquisition or by establishing economic and political hegemony over other nations

4. Imperialism Possibly Resulted From: • 1.Industrial Revolution– Industrial Wealth = source of power • demand for raw materials; Commercial interests (economic imperialism) • New weapons developed • 2.Nationalism– competition between nations (political imperialism) • Overseas territories • Bigger Armies • Technologically advanced weapons

5. Imperialism Possibly Resulted From: 3.Feelings of Racial Superiority- (social-cultural imperialism) Social Darwinism Europeans “superior” to others

6. Justifications at the time … • European nations had the “duty” to bring “superior civilization” to “backwards” people

7. Forms of Imperial Rule: • 1. Colony- ruled directly through colonial officials • 2. Protectorate– government guided by foreign power • 3. Sphere of Influence- imperialist power has exclusive trading rights

8. The British Empire • 1. India (including Pakistan and Bangladesh) • “the jewel of the British empire” • Central to British Military & Economy

9. The British Empire • 1. India • The Sepoy Rebellion, 1857-1858 • Indian troops rebelled against British • India gained independence in 1947 (after WWII)

10. The British Empire • 2. Egypt (unofficial) • Suez Canal opened in 1869 • The canal reduced shipping distance between Great Britain and India • Britain “unofficially” advised Egyptian leaders for the next 70 years

11. The Partition of Africa, 1885 • Otto von Bismarck Hosted the Berlin Conference • Purpose:for European nations to divide African continent amongst themselves

12. The Partition of Africa, 1885 • By 1914, European powers controlled all of African continent • Except: Liberia & Ethiopia

13. European Nations and Imperialism in Africa • France: Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco • Italy: Libya and Turkey • Great Britain: Egypt, Sierra Leone, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria,

14. Cecil Rhodes & Rhodesia

15. European Nations and Imperialism in Africa • Belgium-King Leopold II, 1879-1884 • Claimed the Congo as his “personal plantation” • Enslaved inhabitants • Extracted ivory, rubber, other resources • Established Brutal imperial rule

16. The Dutch in South Africa • Dutch Colonists arrived early 1600’s “Afrikaners” • The Boer War – (1899-1902) • British vs. Dutch fought over territory • British won • Established racist rule = apartheid

17. European Nations and Imperialism in Asia • Great Britain - India • Brought irrigation, railroads, cottage industry, justice system • Demanded English as official language • 2. The Netherlands ( Holland) -Indonesia • Establish -Dutch East Indies- • Forced labor of farmers • Inhabitants allowed to speak indigenous languages • Both had rich & varied natural resources

18. European Nations and Imperialism in Asia • France- became involved in South East Asia in 1850’s • French established colony of Indochina = (modern day) Vietnam

19. European Nations and Imperialism in Asia • Russia - 1891 established Trans-Siberian Railroad • Russia leased land (Liaotung) from China and obtained the right to build railroads in Manchuria

20. Consequences of the New Imperialism • 1. Damaged and sometimes destroyed native cultures • 2. Created a global economy • 3. Intensified European rivalries

21. The Great War (1914-1918)

22. Otto von Bismarck’s Network of Alliances Germany joined a military alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879 Italy joined this alliance in 1882 They formed the “Triple Alliance” Kaiser William II forced Bismarck to resign in 1890

23. Germany- Kaiser William II’s Aggressive Policies Eager to demonstrate his power, William II financed a program of naval and military expansion in Germany Great Britain, Europe’s historic naval power ( since Queen Elizabeth I), felt threatened

24. Germany- Growth Prior to WWI • Industrial Growth: By 1900, Germany produced more steel than Great Britain and France combined • Population growth: Germany had 64 million people in 1910, France 40 million that same year • Military Growth/Expansion

25. The Entente Cordiale ( Friendly Understanding) • France and Russia signed the Franco-Prussian alliance in 1894 • Great Britain Formed and alliance with France and Russia in 1904 • They then formed the Triple Entente

26. “4 M.A.I.N.” Long Term Causes of WWI • 1. Militarism • 2. Alliances • 3. Imperialism • 4. Nationalism

27. 1.Militarism • Glorification of war • Nations wanted “bigger armies” and More destructive weapons • “Conscription” or draft

28. 2.Alliances • 1. Alliance Systems: defense agreements amongst nations (sometimes secret)

29. 3. Imperialism • Nations competed For: • Overseas territories • Foreign investments • Raw materials • new economic markets

30. 4. Nationalism • Extreme Patriotism- • Belief that one’s nation is superior because they have the largest army, the most land, the most wealth.

31. The Balkans Peninsula • Various ethnic groups spoke the same language • Used different alphabets depending on religion • Serbs & Bosnians=Eastern Orthodox (Cyrillic Alphabet) • Croats & Slovenes =Catholics (Roman Alphabet)

32. Background Info • Austria- Hungary • Took over Bosnia- Herzegovina in 1908 • Serbia claimed the territory was theirs

33. Background info • Pan- Slavic movement: Serbian leaders hoped to create a unified Slav nation • Autria-Hungary felt threatened by Slavic nationalism

34. Immediate Cause WWI • June 28th, 1914 • The Assassination of the Heir to Austria-Hungarian Throne • Francis Ferdinand

35. Immediate Cause WWI • Austria-Hungary • Blamed Serbian radicals and held them responsible

36. The Assassin-Gavrilo Princip • Member of radical group “Black Hand” • Seven other assassins implicated • Austria- Hungary asked Germany how to proceed

37. MAIN https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRcg_t2oJkc

38. Franz Ferdiand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZmHxq28440c

39. The “Blank Check” • Germany advised Austria-Hungary the following: “be firm” • Austria- Hungary felt assured Germany would back them up…

40. Austria-Hungary • Declared war on Serbia, in 1914 • WWI began as a “regional” Conflict between : • Austria – Hungary vs. Serbia

41. How Does a “Local” Conflict Transform itself into a World War? “ALLIANCES” dragged the entire European continent into the war “IMPERIALISM” dragged foreign territories Into the war

42. The Triple Entente (Allies) 1. Serbia 2. France 3. Great Britain 4. Russia 5. U.S. (1917) And all foreign colonies The Central Powers 1. Austria-Hungary 2. Germany 3. Italy (switched sides by the end of war) 4. Ottoman Empire. And all foreign colonies Sides & Alliances

43. Schlieffen Plan • Germany’s military strategy: • 1. invade Belgium(Belgium was neutral) • 2. Advance into France/ Defeat French • 3. Move on to Russia • Flaw: plan ignored the British response

44. Trench Warfare • “Western Front” • Battle line stretching • 500 miles • From Switzerland to North Sea

45. “No Man’s Land” • Separated 2 trenches • Mines & barbed Wire Protected area in front of trench • point: to run across “no man’s land” to enemy trench

46. Life in a Trench – History Channel (2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_G4ZY66BG38https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_G4ZY66BG38

47. New Weapons Introduced • 1. Machine guns • 2. Poison Gas • 3. Tanks • 4. U-Boats (submarines) • 5. Early aircrafts • 6. barbed wire • Weapons /new technology transformed the way wars are fought

48. Tech Developments of WWI – History Channel (2014) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7v3cq1ZJjM

49. Germans Introduced U-BOATs • Or Early Submarines • U-Boats fired at passenger and freight vessels, merchant ships

50. Boy Soldiers of WWI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI2HmOuzOBkhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI2HmOuzOBk