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Flight Guidance Panel / Automation Familiarization

Flight Guidance Panel / Automation Familiarization.

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Flight Guidance Panel / Automation Familiarization

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  1. Flight Guidance Panel / Automation Familiarization This section will provide an explanation of the control and functions available on the FGP. To enhance CRM each pilot must have an in depth understanding of the active (green) and armed (white) modes displayed on the PFD. Reference NATOPS 20.5.1.1.1 while reading this section.

  2. Automation Pyramid 1. FD/AP-CDI Coupled to LNAV/VNAV or ILS 2. FD/AP-CDI Coupled to FMS/VOR/TAC/LOC 3. FD/AP-CDI Coupled to HDG/CRS 1. FD/Manual-CDI Coupled to LNAV/VNAV or ILS 2. FD/Manual-CDI Coupled to FMS/VOR/TAC/LOC 3. FD/Manual-CDI Coupled to HDG/CRS 4. FD or FD/AP GCA Coupled to HDG and/or vertical 1. Manual-CDI ILS 2. Manual-CDI GPS/VOR/TAC/LOC 3. Manual-CDI Coupled to HDG/CRS 1. Manual GCA 2. Manual needle-only VOR/TAC 3. Manual NDB 4. Manual Visual Implied - Lower Workload & Higher Situational Awareness FD/AP-CDI Level 4 FD/Manual-CDI Level 3 Manual-CDI Level 2 Manual Level 1

  3. Flight Director FD – Engages/Disengages the on-side Flight Director. Both flight directors are set upon: Autopilot engagement, manual selection of go-around mode, or pushing a vertical/lateral mode button. The FD can be used with or without the AP engaged.

  4. Flight Director Mode Field The Flight Director (FD) command bars and FD/AP mode messages show on the PFD. The mode messages show above the attitude display when either FD is selected or the autopilot is engaged. • The active modes show in green in the upper field. The armed modes show in white in the lower field. • One active mode can show in the active mode field. Up to two armed modes can show in the armed mode field. • All active vertical modes flash for 5 seconds when they first come into view, and then show steady.

  5. Transfer flight guidance between left and right side Push the CPL button on the FGP to transfer flight guidance (push-on/push-off). Flight guidance transfer is indicated by a white left pointing arrow symbol on the PFD when selected left, and a white right pointing arrow symbol when selected right. WARNING If the flight director is already on, or the autopilot is engaged, selecting CPL will default the FD/AP to Roll and Pitch modes. The aircrew must reselect the appropriate lateral and vertical guidance. Caution: The Pilot with BARO Mins selected must have the CPL arrow pointing to the respective side or the PSA will not be capable of selecting the BARO mins.

  6. CPL Arrows The couple arrow shows in the bottom half on the AP/YD engage field. The couple arrow indicates which FGC is driving the autopilot servos and pilot and copilot side flight directors when the autopilot is engaged (or would be driving the servos upon autopilot engagement). • Closed arrowhead pointing left — Pilot side FGC is driving autopilot servos and both flight directors. • Closed arrowhead pointing right — Copilot side FGC is driving autopilot servos and both flight directors. • Closed arrowhead pointing left with open arrowhead pointing right — Pilot side FGC is driving autopilot servos and pilot side flight director. Copilot side FGC is driving copilot side flight director. • Closed arrowhead pointing right with open arrowhead pointing left — Copilot side FGC is driving autopilot servos and copilot side flight director. Pilot side FGC is driving pilot side flight director.

  7. FLIGHT DIRECTOR SYNC The flight guidance system lateral and vertical references are set to the current flight conditions when the autopilot is not engaged. Flight director SYNC occurs automatically upon: • Autopilot engagement • Transfer of flight guidance from one flight guidance channel to the other Flight director SYNC is inhibited: • When the autopilot is engaged • When the offside SYNC button is pushed while the offside flight director is deselected The vertical reference that is synchronized is: • Airspeed, when flight level change mode is active • Vertical speed, when vertical speed mode is active • Altitude, when altitude hold mode is active • Pitch, when pitch hold is active

  8. Course Knob The Course (CRS) Knob on the Course Knob Panel (CKP) controls the pilot/copilot-side VHF Omnidirectional Radio Range (VOR) or Localizer (LOC) course pointer. SELECTIONS: CRS Knob The CRS knob controls the copilot’s VOR or LOC course pointer. • If FMS is the active NAV source, then the CRS knob is not active. PUSH DIRECT Button The PUSH DIRECT button, located in the center of the CRS knob, selects a direct course to the VOR station that is the active NAV source on the copilot-side PFD.

  9. FGP Modes YD – Engage or disengage the Yaw Damper. The AP/YD DISC switch-bar on the FGP must be in the up position. The YD can be engaged with out engaging the autopilot. If the AP button is pushed, both autopilot and YD are engaged. Disengaging the YD also disengages the AP.

  10. FGP Modes • AP – Autopilot engagement occurs if: the AP/YD DISC switch-bar on the FGP is in the up position, no unusual attitudes, rates, or accelerations are present. Pushing the AP button with Autopilot engaged, disengages the AP, however will leave the YD on. Engagement of the AP will engage the YD.

  11. FGP Modes HDG – Press the HDG button to select heading as the lateral mode. Turn the heading knob to desired heading. Press the heading knob to sync heading bug to current aircraft heading.

  12. FGP Modes ½ BANK – Automatically selects at 18,500 feet. Limits the aircraft the 15 degrees AOB.

  13. FGP Modes NAV – Navigation mode captures and tracks a pilot selected course from the active NAV source. NAV mode provides only lateral guidance and must be used for non-precision approaches. (Except LNAV/VNAV)

  14. FGP Modes APPR – Approach mode generates commands to capture and track the selected localizer or FMS course and vertical Glideslope (GS) or Glidepath (GP). The course is selected with the onside CRS knob on the FGP (localizer). Once the inbound course has been captured APPR mode will arm GS or GP capture. Upon vertical guidance capture the PM can set heading and climb out altitude for the missed approach.

  15. FGP Modes ALTS – Altitude pre-selector (PSA) captures the target altitude. Available when the following modes are not active: GS approach mode, GP approach mode, altitude hold mode. ALTS will automatically arm when the PSA knob is turned to an altitude other than the current altitude and the FD is given a vertical mode to get there.

  16. FGP Modes ALT – Selects ALT hold mode (push-on/push-off) Maintains existing pressure altitude.

  17. FGP Modes VS – Vertical Speed is used in conjunction with the pitch wheel to set desired rate of climb or descent. If VS is selected while in climb or descent the FD will capture the current aircraft Vertical Speed.

  18. FGP Modes FLC – Flight Level Change maintains the airspeed reference provided the command yields a vertical speed greater than 100 fpm toward the preselected altitude. The sync button will sync to the current aircraft speed while the autopilot is disengaged.

  19. FGP Modes VNAV – Vertical Navigation works in all vertical modes and is annunciated by adding a V to the mode on display (VVS, VFLC or VPTCH). When a desired altitude is loaded and executed in the FMS, VPATH is armed. When the aircraft intercepts the desired path, VPATH is captured and the aircraft will descend via FMS calculated descent rate. The altitude pre-selector must be at or below the FMS altitude for the aircraft to continue descent. The altitude pre-selector will take precedence unless VGP or GS is captured as the vertical mode.

  20. FGP Modes GO AROUND – Selected on throttle or CP yoke. Go around mode disengages the autopilot, selects both flight directors to GA, sequences the FMS to the go around procedure, sets the heading reference to the heading that existed at takeoff or go around, and sets the pitch reference to 7 degrees nose up.

  21. FGS MODES • Top of Attitude Indicator • Shows autopilot modes armed and active • Active on top in green • Armed on bottom in white • Lateral modes on left • Vertical modes on right WARNING Select and Verify! Pilots must be cautious when changing NAV sources or autopilot/ flight director coupling. The FGS mode will revert to pitch and roll mode until lateral and vertical modes are reselected.

  22. FGS Lateral Mode Field ( LEFT SIDE) • ROLL (green) — Roll hold or Heading hold • HDG (green) — Heading select • GA (green) — Heading hold • FMS (white) — FMS arm • FMS (green) — FMS capture/track • VOR (white) — VOR arm • VOR (green)— VOR capture/track • VOR, DR (green, white) — VOR overstation • LOC (white) — LOC arm • LOC (green) — LOC capture/track • B/C (white) — LOC back course arm • B/C (green) — LOC back course capture/track • APPR FMS (white) — FMS approach arm • APPR FMS (green) — FMS approach capture/track • APPR VOR (white) — VOR approach arm • APPR VOR (green) — VOR approach capture/track

  23. Vertical Mode Field ( RIGHT SIDE) • PTCH (green) — Pitch hold • ALT (green)—Altitude capture/track • ALTS or ALTV (white) - Preselect (PSA) altitude or Flight Plan Target Altitude (FPTA) arm • ALTS CAP or ALTV CAP (green) — PSA or FPTA capture • ALTS or ALTV (green) — PSA or FPTA track • VS / Icon NNNN↑ (green / cyan or magenta) — Vertical Speed acquisition/track • The arrow indicates direction • Icon, value, arrow and box are cyan when set by the UP/DOWN wheel on the FGP • Icon, value, arrow and box are magenta when set by the FMS. • GS or GP (white) — Vertical approach arm • GS or VGP (green) — Vertical approach capture/track • GA (green) — Pitch hold • FLC / Icon NNNN (green / cyan or magenta) — Flight Level Change IAS acquire/track • Icon and value are cyan when set by the UP/DOWN wheel on the FGP • Icon and value are magenta when set by the FMS. • FLC / Icon NNNN (green / cyan or magenta) — Flight Level Change Mach acquire/track • Icon and value are cyan when set by the UP/DOWN wheel on the FGP • Icon and value are magenta when set by the FMS.

  24. Vertical Mode Field Continued • V_ _ _ _ (green) — FMS VNAV arm. The active mode (green) is preceded by green V. • PATH, FLC, ALT, or PTCH (white) — FMS VNAV arm • V_ _ _ _ (green) — FMS VNAV arm (the active mode (green) preceded by a green V) • VPATH or VGP (green) — FMS VNAV capture/track • PATH (white) — FMS VNAV pitch arm • VPATH (green) VGP is a mode that was designed to let an FMS approach operate like a normal ILS approach. With FMS selected as primary NAV source and APPR the selected lateral mode, and the leg into the final approach fix (FAF) or the missed approach point (MAP) as the active leg, VGP will show as the active vertical mode, and the aircraft will not level at the preselector altitude. This allows the pilot to set the preselector to the missed approach altitude like an ILS approach when glideslope is the active vertical mode.

  25. Vertical Mode Field Continued VGP vs. VPATH: During an FMS approach, with APPR mode and VNAV selected, the flight director will transition to the VGP mode. Whenever VGP is active, the PSA will be disregarded by the flight director. Therefore, the flight director will not level off at the baro mins. Instead, it will continue on a 3 degree glide path to the runway. However, in NAV mode (APPR not selected), VPATH is active and will level off at baro mins. NOTE: As the VT-31 standard, use NAV mode for all non-precision approaches and use APPR mode only for precision (ILS) or LNAV/VNAV DA approaches.

  26. Flight Director PF/PM CRM: In the T-44C, there are multiple methods to fly the same approach. This can create confusion between pilots when it is time to fly the approach. It is imperative for the pilots to be on the same page about the level of automation to be used during all phases of flight. The following techniques will enhance the use of automation through CRM and standardize the usage of the flight director during the advanced multi-engine training. During use of Flight Director and Autopilot it is important for both PF and PM to selectdesired modes andverify on PFD/FGS.

  27. Flight Director Philosophy • The mantra for flight director and autopilot usage is select andverify. Ensure that the proper flight mode is selected then verified on the Flight Guidance System Display to confirm that the anticipated mode of operation is either activated or in sequence for activation. • Be concise about what is desired for the flight director to display. Use the term “select” for mode selection (HDG, NAV, APPR, VNAV, FLC, VS etc.). Use the term “set” for headings, altitudes, speeds and vertical speeds.

  28. Flight Director Philosophy • Pilots must remain vigilant about aircraft control including airspeed, courses and altitudes. The biggest dangers of automation are complacency and trusting systems too much. Flight directors are garbage in = garbage out systems, meaning if false information is selected it can be a distraction or dangerous to flight operation. If the flight director or autopilot is detracting from safety of flight, turn them off and fly manually. • During flight director use, there may be times with the PM is unable to select desired modes in a timely fashion because of task saturation. Do not delay the execution of a clearance because of slow actuation of the Flight Guidance Panel.

  29. Flight Director Philosophy • Ensure the PM is briefed about the expectations for mode selection before an approach or go-around. Briefing the expected modes will ensure timely and accurate FGP operation and consequently add to CRM and safety. • For initial takeoff, touch and go, or go around the autopilot shall not be engaged below 400’. (NATOPS)

  30. Flight Director Techniques • The FD in the T-44C is a marked improvement from the T-44A. The following techniques are provided: • During a PAR/ASR, use Heading mode and ALTS until on glide path, the PF will then direct the PM to select VS with approximately 600 fpm descent to maintain glide path. SMA should adjust heading and VS based on groundspeed to maintain glide path. The same technique can be utilized for non-precision approaches with 800-1000 fpm VS descent from FAF to MDA. • Once established on Glidepath for a PAR approach, use pitch sync to maintain stabilized descent. • During ILS approach or RNAV utilizing LNAV/VNAV minimums, within 90 degrees of FAC, and cleared approach, arm APPR (ILS) or APPCH/ VNAV for LNAV/VNAV. The FD will capture course and glide slope information (VGP, GS).

  31. Multiple Ways to fly the TACAN Z 13R NGP

  32. Flight Director PF/PM CRM: When the pilot flying is utilizing the flight director he directs the PM to select the desired modes of operation. EXAMPLES: 1. FD On: PF: “Flight director on, select heading, select Flight Level Change, set 150 Knots, coupled left side.” PM: “Flight Director is on with heading, Flight Level Change, 150 Knots, coupled left side” (Ref: NATOPS 22.4.7) 2. FD On at FAF (VOR) Vertical Speed mode desired: PF: “FAF, 1,000’, Set 480’, select Vertical Speed mode, set 1000 FPM descent.” PM: “Minimums 480’ set, 1000 FPM set.” 3. FD On at FAF (VOR) FLC mode desired: PF: “FAF, 1,000’, Set 480’,select Flight Level Change, set 120 KTS.” PM: “Minimums 480’ set, 120 KTS set. 4. FD mode change during Go- around. PF: “Go around (GA button engaged), Copilot, select heading mode, set PSA 2000’, select Flight Level Change, set 150 KTS.” PM: “Heading set to 160, PSA set 2000’, FLC 150 KTS set.” 5. FD Off: Runway in sight: PM: “Runway in sight.” PF: “Landing, Flight director off.” (Ref: NATOPS 22.4.7) PM: “Flight director off.”

  33. Flight Director PF/PM CRM: Go around execution (Port 1) PF: “Go around (select GA button), check flaps approach, gear up, flaps up, props 1900. PF: (passing 400’) “Copilot select heading mode, set 030, set PSA to 3000’, select flight level change, set 150 KTS.” PM: “Heading mode, 030 set, 3000 set, FLC, 150 KTS set.” Go around execution (Published Missed) PF: “Go around (select GA button), check flaps approach, gear up, flaps up, props 1900. (select FMS as NAV source) PF: “Copilot select NAV mode, set PSA to 2000’, select Flight Level Change, set 150 KTS.” PM: “NAV mode selected, 2000 set, FLC, 150 KTS set,”

  34. Automation Approach Brief (F. A. R. M. G.) - May be used as a technique for briefing automation FMS- Brief how FMS will be used for the approach. 1. Primary NAV source. 2. Backup to raw data approach. 3. Not required. Automation- Brief level of automation to be used during approach. 1. FD/Autopilot on. 2. FD only. 3. No automation. Raw Data-Brief how Navaids will be used. 1. Bearing pointer selection. (For FMS backup) 2. Brief NAV to NAV transfer. 3. Pure Raw data approach. (VOR, TACAN, ILS) Mode- Brief modes and what is to be expected of the PM. 1. Lateral a. NAV mode b. HDG mode 2. Vertical a. VS - Vertical Speed (800-1000 FPM) b. FLC - Flight Level Change (120 KTS) 3. APPCH/VNAV mode- designates Lateral and Vertical guidance Go-around-Brief what should be done in the event of a go-around.

  35. Automation brief Example: • “This approach will be flown Flight Director (on/off), Autopilot (on/off). I will fly in heading/ NAV mode until cleared for the approach. When on an intercept to the final approach course, I will select APPR/ NAV (as appropriate). At the FAF, I will (call for / select) PSA to minimums, Vertical Speed Mode/ FLC, set (1000 FPM descent/ 120 KTS).” • “I will fly this approach in VNAV and approach mode with Flight Director and Autopilot on” • Go around brief example: • (PORT 1) • “In the event of a go-around I will select the go-around button on the power lever, once climbing away I will execute wave-off procedures. I will call for heading mode, set heading 030 and set PSA to our climb out altitude of 3000’, select Flight Level Change, Set 150 KTS.” • (ILS Full Missed Approach from NAV-NAV transfer.) • “I will have you set my PSA to the missed approach altitude once we intercept the localizer. In the event of a go-around I will select the go-around button. Once climbing away, I will execute wave-off procedures. I will set my primary NAV source back to FMS and call for NAV mode, Flight Level Change set 150 KTS to track the missed approach to CRP.”

  36. Automation ROE • I32XX, I33XX, I41XX, I42XX, I4390 • 1. Format • - 360 or 120 mode only • 2. Autopilot and FD • I4101 SSR demo coupled approach • 1 FD apprch per event • 1 non-FD apprch per event • 3.FMS • GPS approaches only • - SMAs shall not use for PTP ***Overall, the intent is to ensure SMA proficiency from the base to the tip of the automation pyramid... AP use should be limited on all blocks except cross-country to ensure maximum time developing multi-engine airmanship/BAW.*** I44XX 1. Format - 360 or 120 mode only 2. Autopilot and FD - FGP - demo modes enroute - FD/ Coupled Approach use for one approach per event - ESIS approach for one approach in block 3. FMS - FMS/LOC auto-tune (NAV-NAV transfer) function for one approach in block

  37. Automation ROE Continued… I45XX, I46XX 1. Format - Unrestricted; use all modes 2. Autopilot and FD - Unrestricted; use all modes of FGP - VNAV at IP discretion 3. FMS - Unrestricted I47XX, I4890 1. Format - IP discretion* - Map Mode should not be used as a crutch (to increase SMA SA) 2. Autopilot and FD - IP discretion* -- SMA follow-on aircraft should be considered 3. FMS - IP discretion* *IP Discretion - expectations should be established in brief

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