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Respiratory System Function & Anatomy Overview

Learn about the human respiratory system, its functions, and anatomy including the upper and lower respiratory tract, lungs, alveoli, and air exchange. Understand pulmonary pathologies like emphysema and pneumonia.

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Respiratory System Function & Anatomy Overview

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  1. Human Anatomy The Respiratory System

  2. Function • Provides the exchange of CO2 and O2 between atmosphere and blood Atmosphere Blood O2 CO2 LUNG

  3. Function • Moving air to and from the lungs • Producing sounds involved in speaking

  4. Overview

  5. Lining of Airways The mucus escalator Ciliated epithelial w/ goblet cells line most of the airways in the respiratory tree

  6. A. Upper Respiratory Tract • Includes: • Nasal cavity • Pharynx

  7. Upper Respiratory Tract End of upper Respiratory tract

  8. 1. Nasal Cavity • Begins at external nares • Ends at posterior border of hard palate • Nasal septum and conchae

  9. 2. Pharynx • Divided into 3 regions • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx

  10. Nasophaynx • Posterior boundary of hard palate to end of uvula • Adenoid tonsils (lymph nodes)--snoring • Opening of auditory tube – leading to middle ear

  11. Nasopharynx Posterior boundary of hard palate to end of uvula Adenoid tonsils (lymph nodes)--snoring Opening of auditory tube – leading to middle ear

  12. Oropharynx • That part of the “throat” that you can see when you look in the mirror • Contains the palatine tonsils on the lateral walls • Ends at the tip of the epiglottis

  13. Laryngopharynx • Posterior to the epiglottis

  14. Epiglottis • Cartilage at base of tongue • Moves down when tongue swallows • Covers opening to lower respiratory system • Directs food into esophagus

  15. Epiglottis Epiglottis covers larynx and directs food into esophagus

  16. B. Lower Respiratory Tract • Includes: • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchiole tree • Lung

  17. Lower Respiratory System

  18. 1. Larynx (ant. to post.) • Defined by two cartilages • Cricoid • Thyroid • Thyroid cartilage is incomplete posteriorly 4. Cricoid cartilage is circular and complete.

  19. Vocal cords • Located in larynx just posterior to thyroid cartilage

  20. Vocal cords

  21. Vocal Cords Normal cords Laryngitis inflammed vocal cords

  22. 2. Trachea • About 4-5 inches long • Supported by incomplete C-shaped cartilagenous rings • Posterior wall is made of smooth muscle

  23. Trachea • The carina is a pointed end of the trachea ends as the carina

  24. Primary (1o) Bronchi • Trachea branches into L&R primary bronchi (bronchus, sng.)

  25. Differences betweenR&L primary bronchi • Right is wider • Right is more vertical • Asperated objects more likely to go down right side (75%)

  26. Respiratory Tree • Note that the primary bronchi branch into secondary bronchi • And branching continues extensively

  27. Bronchial Branching • Right primary bronchus divides into 3 secondary bronchi • Left primary bronchus divides into 2 secondary bronchi • Secondary bronchi on both sides branch into a total of 10 tertiary or segmental bronchi. • Each segmental bronchus supplies a specific segment of the lung. • Each branch gets a branch from the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

  28. Lung Segments

  29. Tertiary Branching • Tertiary bronchi branch into bronchioles • Bronchioles are not supported by cartilage

  30. Asthma • Caused by constriction of smooth muscle that make up the wall of the bronchioles • Exhalation more affected than inhalation

  31. Respiratory Bronchioles • Smallest • Walls are very thin • No cilia or goblet cells • Deliver air to the exchange surfaces of the lungs

  32. Respiratory Bronchioles

  33. Respiratory Bronchioles

  34. Alveoli (Alveolus) • Air exchange surface of the lung

  35. Alveoli

  36. Alveolus • Each lung contains ~ 150 million alveoli • Wall comprised of simple squamous epithelial cells • Two types of alveolar cells • Type I – very thin and makes up most of the wall • Type II – not as thin and produces surfactant, a detergent that allows the lung to expand the first time a baby inhales

  37. Air Exchange venuole carrying oxygenated blood arteriole carrying unoxygenated blood

  38. Gross Anatomy of Lungs • Lungs are divided into lobes by fissures. • Right lung has 2 fissures and 3 lobes • Left lung has 1 fissure and 2 lobes

  39. Pulmonary Pathologies

  40. Pulmonary Pathologies Normal Emphysema

  41. Pulmonary Pathologies Left Lung Pneumonia

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