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Imperialism

Imperialism. What were the causes of the “new imperialism”? Why was western imperialism so successful? How did governments rule their empires?. Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. ECONOMIC INTERESTS.

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Imperialism

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  1. Imperialism

  2. What were the causes of the “new imperialism”? • Why was western imperialism so successful? • How did governments rule their empires?

  3. Imperialism is the domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

  4. ECONOMIC INTERESTS • Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources. • Manufacturers hoped for new markets for factory goods. • Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe’s growing population

  5. POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS • Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world. • Western leaders were motivated by nationalism.

  6. SOCIAL DARWINISMPseudo science • Herbert Spenser— “Survival of the fittest” • Johannes Blumenbach—Skin color & Shape of head • Many westerners viewed European races as superior to all others. • “Natural Selection” imperial conquest as nature’s way of improving the human species

  7. 3 Ways to Use Imperialism • Colonies • Establish direct or indirect rule. Military Takeover • Protectorate • In a protectorate, local rulers were left in place but were expected to • follow the advice of European advisers. Puppet Ruler • A protectorate cost less to run than a colony and usually did not require a • large military presence. • Sphere of Influence • A sphere of influence is an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. Economic Takeover

  8. Scramble for Africa

  9. The Berlin Conference • 1884, German Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck opened a conference in Berlin dedicated to “the Africa problem.” • At the conference, European powers agreed on a set of rules governing imperial ambitions in Africa • The area along the Congo River was to remain under the control of Leopold II. • No nation could stake a claim on the continent without notifying other nations. • Territory could not be claimed unless it was occupied.

  10. European Domination Region Percentage Controlled--1900 • Africa 90.4% • Polynesia 98.9% • Asia 56.5% • Australia 100.0% • Americas 27.2%

  11. South Africa • The Dutch first arrived on the Cape of Good Hope in the late 17th century. • Europeans soon began to settle on the Cape, taking land and forcing the natives out.

  12. BOERS • The British annexed the Cape in 1815 • Eliminated slavery (1833 to 1843) • Dutch farmers (Boers) left the colony • Moved to Transvaal and the Orange Free State 500 miles north • Diamonds and gold discovered

  13. Boer War 1899-1902 • The Boers laid siege to British-controlled towns • The British responded by sending in substantial reinforcements, who drove back the Boers • Dutch forces gradually weakened and conceded in 1902 • Treaty of Vereeniging and ending the war • Boers accepted British sovereignty

  14. Crimean War • Fought between the Russians and the Ottomans near the Black Sea • Russians wanted a warm weather port

  15. Why would the Russians want a warm weather port?

  16. Reason: Trade all year long

  17. Result of Crimean War • Russians were defeated by a coalition of British, French and Ottoman forces • First war to use female nurses led by Florence Nightingale • Also first war to have newspaper correspondence cover it

  18. Suez Canal (1869) • Human-made waterway that cut through the Isthmus of Suez, connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean

  19. Picture of Suez Canal from Space

  20. English in India • The British were economically involved in India since the 1600’s • Effect of the Industrial Revolution • Mass production of products • Need for raw materials • Need for new markets • India has it all

  21. Set up trade in India • Corrupt Mogul Empire in India • ignores British gains • British East India Company soon control India • Export cotton from India to Britain

  22. Economic Control Turns Political • British East India company had an army made up of natives (Sepoys) • Reasons for Unrest • The Sepoy army was treated like 2nd class citizens • The natives had to use weapons that were greased with pork/cow grease (against Islam & Hindu religions) • The British restructured India on European lines eliminating centuries of right and privilege. • British missionaries tried to convert Indians to Christianity with the force of the 1813 Charter Act • They revolted 1857—England sent in troops to protect economic interests

  23. Queen Victoria (reigned from 1837-1901). India becomes the “crowned jewel of the British empire” Victoria becomes Empress of India Raj established direct control of India—1858

  24. August 15, 1947- Partitioning of India & Pakistan Indian Independence Day: The termination of British rule in India prompted widespread celebration by Indians of every religious and political persuasion, and August 15 was officially declared Indian Independence Day. In the words of the Indian Ministry of External Affairs: "For the first and perhaps the only time in history, the power of a mighty global empire 'on which the sun never set', had been challenged and overcome by the moral might of a people armed only with ideals and courage."

  25. American Imperialism Commodore M.C. Perry - 1854 • Treaty of Kanagawa • European powers quickly follow U.S. lead • Tokugawa Shogunate unable to cope with foreign contact • Purchase Alaska from Russia—1867 for 7.2 million

  26. Hawaii • 1875--U.S. grants Hawaiian sugar free entry • 1891—Queen Liliuokalani retaliates for McKinley Tariff, attempts to reduce U.S. influence • 1893—American settlers (Business) pull off coup • 1898—Hawaii made U.S. possession

  27. Hawaiian Islands

  28. Spanish-American War • Increased global interests (Monroe Doctrine) • U.S. public and Congress • Cuban Revolution (1895-1898) • Yellow Journalism – Pulitzer/Hearse • Media pushes for war (NY Journal & World) • de Lome letter—called McKinley “weak” • USS Maine Explosion - Feb 1898 • U.S. public outrage – Spain is blamed • War declared - April 1898

  29. “Remember the Maine” USS MaineHavana, Cuba 15 Feb 1898

  30. Fighting the War • Spanish empire: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam • Philippines: Phase I—Free from Spanish rule • Philippines: Phase II—Put under American rule • U.S. fights insurgency until 1913

  31. Cuba • Blockade of Santiago (1 May) • Amphib. landing at Daiquiri (20 Jun) • Theodore Roosevelt and the “Rough Riders” • Destruction of Cervera's fleet (3 Jul)

  32. The “Rough Riders” Battle of San Juan Hill, 1 Jul 1898

  33. Acquisition of Empire • Fate of the Philippines was the thorniest issue at the peace negotiations • December 1898— Treaty of Paris • Cuba independent • U.S. takes Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines

  34. American Imperialism

  35. A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in the back, with Queen Victoria (Great Britain), Wilhelm II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and an Emperor Meiji (Japan) discussing how to cut up a plate with Chine ("China" in French) written on it

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