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Chapter 17: Classification

Chapter 17: Classification. Biodiversity. The variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems. Taxonomy. Taxonomy – science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms Taxon – particular group within a taxonomic system. Criteria for classification

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Chapter 17: Classification

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  1. Chapter 17: Classification

  2. Biodiversity • The variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems

  3. Taxonomy • Taxonomy – science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms • Taxon – particular group within a taxonomic system

  4. Criteria for classification Cellular structure: prokaryote vs. eukaryote Methods of obtaining nutrients: autotroph vs. heterotroph Metabolism: aerobic vs. anaerobic Comparative anatomy: homologous structures Embryologic development: similar development stages Biochemistry: protein structures, base sequencing of the nucleic acids, DNA & RNA

  5. Carolus Linnaeus – created original system of classification in the mid 1700s Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Do kings play chess on fuzzy green stools?

  6. Scientific Name - Binomial nomenclature: two-part name 1) Genus (capitilized, italicized) 2) species (lowercase, italicized) • same in all countries, unlike common name • Latin Ex: scientific name - Panthera tigris common name – tiger

  7. Classification of Humans Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Verbrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family:Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Sapiens

  8. Branches of Taxonomy 1) Traditional Taxonomy-Linnaean system • use form and structure • Domain, Kingdom, Phylum etc. 2) Systematics • Use phylogenetics- anaylsis of evolutionary history • Use homologous structures, embryological development, DNA,RNA, and fossils • Phylogenic Diagram-representation of classification

  9. Taxonomy branches cont. 3) Cladistics Use Shared Characteristics and Derived characteristics • Shared characteristics-a feature that all members of a group have in common • Derived characteristics- is a feature that evolved only within the group under Create Cladograms- representation of classification

  10. THREE DOMAINS • Bacteria – small single celled prokaryotic organisms, cell wall contains peptidoglycans, cell membrane contains fatty acids 2) Archaea – small single celled prokaryotic organisms, cell wall LACKS peptidoglycans, cell membrane contains fatty acids and other hydrocarbons 3) Eukarya – large, true nucleus (membrane-bound), complex cellular organelles(membrane bound). Includes plants, animals, fungi, and protista (some single-celled organisms)

  11. SIX KINGDOMS DOMAIN BACTERIA • Kingdom Eubacteria DOMAIN ARCHAEA 2) Kingdom Archaebacteria DOMAIN EUKARYA 3) Kingdom Protista 4) Kingdom Fungi 5) Kingdom Plantae 6) Kingdom Animalia http://tolweb.org/tree/

  12. 1. Kingdom Eubacteria“True Bacteria” • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • No true nucleus • Autotrophs: Photosynthesizers & chemosynthesizers • Heterotrophs • ex. E. Coli • Oldest known fossils

  13. 2. Kingdom Archaebacteria“Ancient Bacteria” • Prokaryotes • Unicellular • No true nucleus • Autotrophs: chemosynthesizers Heterotrophs: • ex. Acidophiles or methanogens • Not considered bacteria • Found in harsh environments such as sulfurous hot springs, deep-sea thermal vents, and salty lakes

  14. 3. Kingdom Protista • Eukaryotes • True Nucleus • most unicellular, some simple multicellular • heterotrophic & autotrophic (photosynthesis) • ex. Algae, ameoba, paramecium

  15. 4. Kingdom Fungi • Eukaryotes • True Nucleus • Unicellular & multicellular • heterotrophic • ex. Mushrooms, rusts, mildew, molds

  16. 5. Kingdom Plantae • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Autotrophic-photosynthesis • Cell specialization(tissues & organs) • ex. Ferns, trees, mosses

  17. 6. Kingdom Animalia • Eukaryotes • Multicellular • Heterotrophic • Most are motile • ex. Whales, insects, birds, etc…

  18. Zorse

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