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Chapter 18 Classification

Chapter 18 Classification. Taxonomy. the science of classification Carolus Linnaeus’ system: Uses Latin…descriptive, universal, “dead” language that never changes Uses binomial nomenclature Two word naming system of Genus & species = scientific name

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Chapter 18 Classification

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  1. Chapter 18 Classification

  2. Taxonomy • the science of classification • Carolus Linnaeus’ system: • Uses Latin…descriptive, universal, “dead” language that never changes • Uses binomial nomenclature • Two word naming system of Genus & species = scientific name • Uses hierarchy of categories (taxons) from general to specific:

  3. Taxonomic levels Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Chordata Phylum Class Mammalia Carnivora Order Felidae Family Lynx Genus Species Lynx canadensis Lynx rufus Lynx Bobcat

  4. Kingdom…Phylum…Class…Order…Family… Genus species…(variety) or (breed)

  5. Who am I?

  6. Who am I? Scientific Name: Felisconcolor The Puma holds the Guinness record for the animal with the highest number of names. It has more than 40 names in English. Puma, Mountain lion, Cougar, Panther

  7. Comparing related animals • Lynx canadensis, lynx • Felis concolor, mountain lion • Felis domesticus, house cat • Which two are more related? How do you know? Lynx House cat Mountain lion

  8. Human classification: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo species sapiens

  9. Remember the 2 Cell Types? • Prokaryotic • Small, simple cells without membrane-bound organelles; i.e. bacteria • Eukaryotic • Large, complex cells containing many specialized organelles, nucleus; i.e. plants, animals, protists & fungi

  10. All living things are divided into groups based on: • Cell types (Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic) • Cell structure (cell walls, chloroplasts?) • Number of cells (unicellular vs. multicellular) • Movement (motile or non-motile) • Mode of nutrition (autotroph, heterotroph, saprobe)

  11. Domains • Largest , most inclusive group • Archaea: Prokaryotic cells • 1 kingdom: Archaebacteria • Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells • 1 kingdom: Eubacteria • Eukarya: Eukaryotic cells • 4 kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

  12. Kingdom Archaebacteria • Most live in extreme environments • Most do not use oxygen to respire (anaerobic). • Ancestor to eukaryotes • Unicellular • Cell walls lack peptidoglycan • Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic • Some motile, others non-motile • Examples: Halophiles, methanogens.

  13. Kingdom Eubacteria • Unicellular • Very strong cell walls (peptidoglycan) • Autotrophic or heterotrophic • diverse habitat • Some motile, other non-motile • Ex: streptococcus, Escherichia coli

  14. Kingdom Protista • Most are unicellular, few are multicellular • lacks complex organ systems • lives in moist environments • diverse metabolism/motility • Animal-Like • Plant-Like (cellulose, chloroplasts) • Fungus-Like • Ex: Amoeba, euglena, slime molds

  15. Fungi overview • Saprobes: decomposes matter by absorbing materials • Multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeast) • Cell walls (chitin) • Non-motile

  16. Kingdom Plantae • Multicellular • Autotrophic: Photosynthetic • Cells contain chloroplasts • Immobile • Cell walls (cellulose) • Ex: grass, rose

  17. Kingdom Animalia • Multicellular • Mobile (at one point during their lifetime) • Lack cell walls • Diverse habitats • Heterotrophic • Ex: insects, worms, squirrels, birds

  18. Exit Ticket Which characteristic describes these three organisms? Unicellular Heterotrophic Prokaryotic Phototrophic

  19. How do we identify organisms?

  20. Dichotomous key: system to identify organisms and their scientific names • A key is made up of sets of numbered statements. • Each set deals with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape (toothed or smooth edge) or number of teeth (more than 30 or less than 30). • It’s kind of like the game 20 questions

  21. Phylogeny

  22. Phylogeny: Studying the evolutionary histories and relationships of organisms • Cladistics: a phylogenic study that assumes when probable groups of organisms diverged and evolved Allosaurus Velociraptor Archaeopteryx Sinornis Theropods Flight feathers; arms as long as legs Feathers with shaft, veins, and barbs 3-toed foot; wishbone Down feathers Light bones

  23. Cladograms • “Family tree” that represents evolutionary relationships (and not just physical appearances)

  24. Lizard Mouse Fish Hagfish Frog Pigeon Feathers Claws or Nails Lungs Jaws CLADOGRAM Chimp Fur & Mammary Glands

  25. Nutritional types Auto(photo) Hetero(absorb) Hetero(ingest) Plantae Fungi Animalia (Seaweeds) Multi Uni Protista Eu Pro Bacteria Evolution and the 6 Kingdoms

  26. What determines evolutionary relationship? • Anatomy and physiology • Common structures imply a common ancestor. • Breeding and behavior patterns • Geographic distribution • DNA and biochemistry DNA comparisons between these plants show almost no difference.

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