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Classification of Organisms Chapter 18

Classification of Organisms Chapter 18. 18.1. Finding order in Diversity. Grouping organisms according to characteristics & evolutionary history Groups are called taxa/taxon. Taxonomy or Systematics. The History of Taxonomy? FYI.

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Classification of Organisms Chapter 18

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  1. Classification of Organisms Chapter 18

  2. 18.1 Finding order in Diversity

  3. Grouping organisms according to characteristics & evolutionary history Groups are called taxa/taxon Taxonomy or Systematics

  4. The History of Taxonomy? FYI • Started 2,000 years ago; Aristotle grouped living things by STRUCTURAL similarities • Greeks and Romans grouped into basic categories like OAKS, DOGS, HORSES

  5. Then it got messy… FYI • Until mid 1700s, scientists just added descriptive Latin phrases to the group name • The honeybee’s scientific name (at the time) was Apis pubescens, thorace subgriseo, abdomine fusco, pedibus posticis glabis, untrinque margine ciliatus

  6. Carolus Linnaeus • 1753 • Developed a 4 level system of classification and binomial nomenclature (two-name designation) • Most organisms he described still have the same scientific name, however there are now 7 levels of classification!

  7. Levels of Classification • All organisms have the following: K – Kingdom (most general) P – Phylum (phyla) C – Class O – Order F – Family G – Genus (genera) S – species (most specific)

  8. Phylum • Consists of groups of Classes

  9. Class • Can you guess what is in a class?

  10. What is a species? • a group of organisms that will only mate with themselves • Must produce fertile offspring

  11. How many species do we recognize? • About 2 million identified FYI • Reptiles 8,163 • Amphibians 5,699 • Birds 10,000 • Mammals 4,629 • Insects 900,000 • Vascular Plants 270,000 • May be 5-100 million on earth

  12. Binomial Nomenclature • Includes Genus and species (and sometimes subspecies) • italicized or underlined • Genus is Capitalized and species is not

  13. Examples FYI • Canis lupus or Canis lupus • Pseudacris crucifer crucifer or Pseudacris crucifer crucifer • Falco sparverius or Falco sparverius

  14. Examples FYI • Once a scientific name has been identified, the Genus can be abbreviated • C. lupus or C. lupus • P. crucifer crucifer or P. crucifer crucifer • F. sparverius or F. sparverius

  15. Honey bee (Apis mellifera) FYI • Kingdom – Animalia • Phylum – Arthropoda • Class – Insecta • Order – Hymenoptera • Family – Apidae • Genus – Apis • Species – mellifera

  16. Blue-banded bee (Amegilla cingulata) • Kingdom – Animalia FYI • Phylum – Arthropoda • Class – Insecta • Order – Hymenoptera • Family – Apidae • Genus – Amegilla • Species – cingulata

  17. Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) • Kingdom – Animalia FYI • Phylum – Chordata • Class – Reptilia • Order – Testudines • Family – Cheloniidae • Genus – Chelonia • Species – mydas

  18. Mexican mud turtle FYI (Kinosternon integrum) • Kingdom – Animalia • Phylum – Chordata • Class – Reptilia • Order – Testudines • Family – Kinosternidae • Genus – Kinosternon • Species – integrum

  19. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) FYI • Kingdom – Animalia • Phylum – Chordata • Class – Mammalia • Order – Primates • Family – Pongidae • Genus – Pan • Species – troglodytes

  20. Human (Homo sapiens) FYI • Kingdom – Animalia • Phylum – Chordata • Class – Mammalia • Order – Primates • Family – Hominidae • Genus – Homo • Species – sapiens

  21. Homework!!! • Classify any 2 organisms with all 7 levels of classification • Then write the organism’s binomial nomenclature with the correct format • Do NOT cut and paste text!!! • You may include pictures (optional) • Include citations for your work!

  22. 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

  23. Classification provides evidence for EVOLUTION!!!

  24. The Debate! • DNA technology has turned classification upside down linking organisms that you wouldn’t expect to be related! • It is causing scientists to rethink the grouping of organisms.

  25. Phylogeny • Evolutionary history of an organism • Similar traits may indicate a common ancestor!

  26. Cladistics • Reconstructs phylogenies • In chronological order • Looks at traits and common ancestors • Often only indicates if a trait does or does not exist (ex: shell or no shell)

  27. Cladogram Image: http://biology.unm.edu/ccouncil/Biology_203/Images/Phylogeny/ReptileCladogram1.jpg

  28. 18.3 Building the Tree of Life

  29. Kingdoms or Domains? FYI Taxonomists traditionally used a 5 kingdom system to classify organisms Based on molecular information, today more taxonomists are leaning toward a 3 domain system

  30. The 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

  31. Archaebacteria Unicellular prokaryotes that can survive harsh conditions Eubacteria • Unicellular prokaryotes that can not survive harsh conditions

  32. Protista All unicellular eukaryotes AKA protozoa Catch all for misfits!!

  33. Fungi Multicellular eukaryote Heterotrophic eats dead organic matter for nutrients

  34. Plantae Multicellular eukaryotes that are autotrophic

  35. Animalia Multicellular eukaryotes that are heterotrophic

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