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Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

Classification of Living Things Chapter 18. http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg.

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Classification of Living Things Chapter 18

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  1. Classification of Living ThingsChapter 18 http://analyzer.depaul.edu/astrobiology/kingdoms.jpg

  2. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their ____________________ (Shape and structure)Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers?_____________ (Evolutionary history)How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?

  3. _______________ = branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their _________________________ (Shape and structure)Does it have a backbone? Feathers? Gills? Flippers?__________________________ (Evolutionary history)How has organism changed in fossil record? What other organisms is it related to?

  4. The first person to group or classify organisms was the Greek teacher & philosopher _______________more than 2000 years ago. (300 B.C.) Image from: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/aristotle.html

  5. Aristotle’s system By: Riedell _____________ _____________ Based on size of stem Based on where they lived

  6. Problems? 1. Not all organisms fit into Aristotle’s 2 groups (plants or animals) Ex: Bacteria Fungi Images from: http://www.leighday.co.uk/upload/public/docImages/6/Listeria%20bacteria.jpg http://danny.oz.au/travel/iceland/p/3571-fungi.jpg

  7. Problems? 2. Common names can be misleading Ex: A jelly fish isn’t a fish, but a seahorse is! Image from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but… it’s an animal! Image from: http://www.alaska.net/~scubaguy/images/seacucumber.jpg

  8. Problems? 3. Common names vary from place to place Ex: puma, catamount, mountain lion, cougar are all names for same animal Image from: http://www4.d25.k12.id.us/ihil/images/Cougar.jpg

  9. Problems? 4. Same organisms have different names in different countries. Chipmunk Streifenhornchen (German) Tamia (Italian) Ardilla listada (Spanish) Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

  10. Solution? Some early scientists devised scientific names using long descriptions in LATIN. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis

  11. RED OAK Quercus foliis obtuse-sinuatis setaceo-mucronatis “oak with leaves with deep blunt lobes bearing hairlike bristles” PROBLEMS? Names too hard and long to remember! Names don’t show relationships between different animals

  12. Carolus Linnaeus comes to the rescue! Devised a new classification system based on _________________ (Organism’s form and structure) (1707-1778) Image from: http://www.medusozoa.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

  13. Linnaeus’s System Grouped in a _____________ of 7 different levels Each organism has a two part LATIN __________________

  14. Kidspiration by RiedellSource: see end of show

  15. Kids Prefer Cheese Over Fried Green Spinach • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  16. Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo http://www.vetmed.wisc.edu/dms/fapm/personnel/tom_b/2004-lion.jpg

  17. Kidspiration by Riedell

  18. BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE(2 name naming system) • 1st name = _______________ • Always capitalized • 2nd name = _________________ • Always lower case • Both names are ______________ or written in ____________.

  19. Binomial Nomenclature Vampire batDesmodus rotundus Image from: http://212.84.179.117/i/Vampire%20Bat.jpg Eastern chipmunk Tamias striatus Image from: http://www.entm.purdue.edu/wildlife/chipmunk_pictures.htm

  20. Binomial nomenclature Humans Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Image from: http://www.earlylearning.ubc.ca/images/photo_baby.jpg

  21. So what do we use now? MODERN TAXONOMY Still use Linnaeus’s system: but we have added more _____________ Remember: Linnaeus only had 2.

  22. Modern Taxonomy Kidspiration by Riedell

  23. MODERN TAXONOMY organizes living things in the context of _________________ http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/dino/FlyingDinosaurus-Pterodon-fossil.jpg

  24. MODERN TAXONOMY • Scientists use different kinds of info • to classify organisms: • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________

  25. 1. FOSSIL RECORD We can trace some changes over time through the fossil record. Evolutionary history = _____________ http://www.familyeducation.com/printables/display/0,2361,1650,00.gif

  26. 2. MORPHOLOGY Shape and Function Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html

  27. MORPHOLOGY _________________ characteristics: same embryological origin (may have similar structure and function) EX: __________________________ Homologous characteristics suggest a _____________________.

  28. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES Image from: http://www.angelfire.com/ab7/evolution12/evolutionclues.html Bat wing and human arm develop from same embryonic structures

  29. MORPHOLOGY ______________ characteristics:may have similar structure & function but different embryological origin EX: _______________________ ANALOGOUS ANALOGOUS characteristics evolved separately.Organisms ________________________.

  30. ANALOGOUSSTRUCTURES Bird wing and butterfly wing have evolved with similar function BUT different structure inside. http://uk.dk.com/static/cs/uk/11/clipart/bird/image_bird003.html Insects and birds NOT closely related! http://www.naturenorth.com/butterfly/images/05a%20tiger%20wing.jpg

  31. Even differences show relatedness amnion /am·ni·on/ (am´ne-on) bag of waters; the extraembryonic membrane of birds, reptiles, and mammals, which lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/27/117227-050-E1C9ABEE.jpg http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amnions

  32. 3. EMBRYOLOGY Animals whose embryos develop in a similar pattern may be related Image from: http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/litu/03_3.shtml

  33. 4. CHROMOSOMES Similar karyotypes suggest closer relationships. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

  34. Human- 46 chromosomes Chimpanzee- 48 chromosomes Even differences show relatedness Chimpanzees have 2 smaller chromosome pairs we don’t have Humans have 1 larger chromosome pair (#2) they don’t have. Human: http://www.nationmaster.com/wikimir/images/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/18/300px-Human_karyogram.png Chimpanzee: Middle School Life Science , published by Kendall/Hunt.

  35. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE ____________________ All chromosomes have special sequences called TELOMERES at their ends to protect the strands during replication. http://joannenova.com.au/Speaking/Morslids.html

  36. 2. TELOMERES IN MIDDLE → Human chromosome is only human chromosome that has telomere sequences at the ends BUT ALSO IN THE MIDDLE . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. → → http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

  37. EXTRA CENTROMERE _________________ Chromosome #2 has a second inactive centromere region . . . suggesting it was made by joining two other chromosomes together. Which chromosomes? → http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

  38. BANDING PATTERN MATCHES ________________________ If you take the two smaller chromosomes they have that we don’t, and place them end to end, the banding pattern is identical to human chromosome #2 http://www.evolutionpages.com/chromosome_2.htm

  39. 5. MACROMOLECULES Compare molecules like _________________ _________________ Organisms with similar sequences are probably more closely related. See page 334-335

  40. So what do we use now? _________________-based on multiple kinds of evidence 6 KINGDOMS Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Shows evolutionary relationships based on: Morphology Fossil records Embryology Chromosomes Macromolecules (DNA & Proteins)

  41. 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM These relationships can be shown in a diagram called a _____________________ Image from: http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

  42. So what do we use now? OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM: _____________ Shows evolutionary relationships based on: _____________________________

  43. CLADISTICS Cladistic relationships are shown in a diagram called a_________________ Image from:http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/clip0075.jpg

  44. 3 DOMAIN SYSTEM So what do we use now? OTHER WAYS TO CLASSIFY BESIDES the 6 KINGDOM SYSTEM: Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Group organisms based on the kind of ______________ they have

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