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Advancements in Computer-Assisted Medical Education and Health Information Resources

Computer assistance in medical education has been transformative over the past 40 years, encompassing various methods such as drill-and-practice software, simulation programs, and virtual human models. Notably, resources like The Visible Human at NLM offer immersive anatomical insights. These technologies enhance learning, enabling students to practice skills through simulations in realistic environments. Online health information, though variable in quality, is critical for both professionals and patients. Effective decision support systems and databases such as MEDLINE improve medical knowledge access. With self-help resources and distance learning, the integration of technology into health education continues to evolve.

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Advancements in Computer-Assisted Medical Education and Health Information Resources

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  1. Chapter 10 Informational Resources: Computer-Assisted Instruction, Expert Systems, Health Information Online

  2. Education • Computers have been used in medical education for more than 40 years • Drill-and-practice software teaches skills requiring memorization • Simulation software puts the student in the situation and requires some action

  3. The Visible Human • The Visible Human is a computerized library of human anatomy at the National Library of Medicine (NLM) • From Data to Knowledge—users can see and feel anatomic flythroughs on the Web • Exlorable Virtual Human—in development • Includes authoring tools to build anatomical models • Virtual Human Embryo—images of embryos sectioned and sliced

  4. Computer-Assisted Instruction • Drill-and-practice for skills requiring memorization • Simulation software simulates a complex process • Using text • Using graphics, sound, animation • Using haptics (sense of feel)

  5. Simulation Software • Programs using text-ILIAD • Programs using graphics-ADAM • Virtual reality simulations • Surgery • Dentistry • Bronchoscopy • Epidural anesthesia • Administer IV

  6. Patient Simulators • Human patient simulators • Programmable mannequins • Inhale and exhale • Eyes dilate • Heart and lung sounds • Pulse, blood pressure • Can react to medication (bar-coded) • Can simulate allergic reactions

  7. Pediatric HPS (Courtesy of METI)

  8. HPS in the OR (Courtesy of METI)

  9. Patient Simulators (cont) • Using patient simulators • Students can practice: • Intubations • Needle decompression of pneumothorax • Insertion of chest tubes

  10. Simulated Environments • To make practicing on human patient simulators more real, simulated environments are created • Emergency rooms, with constraints of space and noise • Operating rooms

  11. Distance Learning • Learning in an environment where student and teacher are not physically face-to-face • Use of Internet resources

  12. Decision Support: Expert Systems • Expert systems—attempt to make a computer an expert in one limited field • Expert systems in medicine • MYCIN • Internist • POEMS • Databank for Cardiovascular Disease

  13. Health Information on the Internet • Information is of varying quality • Code of conduct suggested by health care professionals • Disclose sponsorship • Distinguish between science and advertising • Allow feedback

  14. Medical Literature Databases • MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)—collection of 40 computerized databases maintained by NLM; free via Internet. Includes: • MEDLINE—complete database of articles • SDILINE—recent additions to MEDLINE • AIDSLINE—database of information on AIDS • CANCERLIT—database of information on Cancer • MEDLINEplus—database of health care information for consumers

  15. Databases of Drug Information • MediSpan • Clinical Pharmacology • ClinicalTrials.gov

  16. E-mail • Patients want it as a way to communicate with their own health care providers • Few health care providers make it available • Problems of privacy, liability, time

  17. Self-Help on the Web • Innumerable sites offer help for any medical or psychiatric condition, many with disclaimers that they are not responsible for the accuracy of the information • Sites offering prescription drugs

  18. Support Groups on the Web • Starbright World for seriously ill children • Allows virtual communities to develop, which support people with very rare conditions, making face-to-face support impossible

  19. Judging the Reliability of Information of the Internet • Is there information about the author? • Is the author reliable? • Are the sources reliable? • Are the sources of funding revealed? • Are there conflicts of interest? • Is the information current? • Read critically!

  20. Self-Help Software • Mayo Clinic Family Health Book on CD-ROM • Doctor’s Book of Home Remedies • Medical Housecall

  21. Computers and Psychiatry • Computers are used in diagnosis and treatment • CIDI (Composite International Diagnostic Interview) screens for depression and anxiety • CIDI-Auto—self-administered using a computer • Several programs are used to treat anxiety and depression • Internet-based therapy (Interapy) for post traumatic stress disorder

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