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JFK & LBJ: The New Frontier & The Great Society. Unit 13: The Tumultuous Sixties RUSH Mrs. Baker. The Election of 1960. Candidates: Democrat = John F. Kennedy Republican = Richard Nixon Impact of television 1 st televised presidential debate – Sept. 26, 1960
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JFK & LBJ:The New Frontier & The Great Society Unit 13: The Tumultuous Sixties RUSH Mrs. Baker
The Election of 1960 • Candidates: • Democrat = John F. Kennedy • Republican = Richard Nixon • Impact of television • 1st televised presidential debate – Sept. 26, 1960 • JFK was highly successful • Lingering doubts about his inexperience and religion (Roman Catholic) were put to rest. • Won the election by less than 119,000 votes.
JFK’s Inaugural Address – January 20, 1961 Remembering the Presidency of JFK
Alliance of Progress • Goal • Improve relations with Latin America and stop the spread of communism • Pledged $20 billion to help economic development in Latin America • Results • Aid often went to repressive governments simply because they were anticommunist.
Bay of Pigs • JFK approved a CIA plan to overthrow Fidel Castro • Communist leader in Cuba • Plan • Cuban exiles would invade Cuba and set off a popular uprising against Castro • U.S. would supply arms, material and training • Results: • Invasion took place on April 17, 1961 at the Bay of Pigs • BUT… No uprising followed • Castro’s troops quickly crushed the invading forces • Embarrassment to JFK and US government
Cuban Missile Crisis • Castro agreed to a Soviet plan to base nuclear missiles aimed at the US in Cuba • JFK’s response: • Oct. 22, 1962: • U.S. begins naval blockade of Cuba and demanded Soviets withdraw the missiles. • Brought the US and the Soviet Union to the brink of war • Soviets backed down and withdrew their missiles. • Results: • US recovered somewhat from the failure of the Bay of Pigs • Limited Test Ban Treaty (1963) • US, Soviet Union, and Great Britain signed nuclear test ban treaty • Agreed not to test nuclear weapons in the air, in outer space, or under the sea. • Underground testing was permitted
The Berlin Wall • June 1961 • JFK & Khrushchev met to discuss the relations between the US and USSR • Khrushchev tried to threaten Kennedy into removing NATO troops from Europe. • Result: • JFK increased US military and financial commitment to West Germany • Result • East German government built a wall between East and West Berlin
[Americans need to] Be “new pioneers” and explore “uncharted areas of science and space… unconquered pockets of ignorance and prejudice, unanswered questions of poverty and surplus.” The New Frontier
The Space Program • National space program • Goal = to land on the moon • July 1969 • Neil Armstrong took the first step on the moon.
Addressing Poverty Abroad • The Peace Corps • Program sent thousands of American volunteers to developing nations. • Trained local people in technical, educational, and health programs. • Intended to offset the growth of communism
Tragedy in Dallas • November 22, 1963 • Dallas, Texas • John F. Kennedy was assassinated • Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for the murder of JFK • Oswald was murdered by Jack Ruby when he was being transported between jails
The Great Society War on Poverty
The Great Society • Legislative program that would end poverty and racial injustice • Key Areas of Focus: • Education • Healthcare • Housing • Immigration • The Environment • Consumer protection
Major Legislations… • Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) • Approved nearly $1 billion for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loan, and job training. • Legislation created: • Job Corp Youth Training Program • VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) • Project Head Start • Education program for underprivileged preschoolers • Domestic Peace Corp • Community Action program • Encouraged poor people to participate in public-works programs
Major Legislations Continued… • Elementary and Secondary Education Act (1965) • Provided $1billion in federal aid to education • Greatest amount to schools with low-income families. • Medicare • Health care coverage provided by federal government to people over 65 years of age. • Medicaid • State funded program to help needy not covered by Medicare • Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) • Oversees efforts to improve housing and aid economic development of cities. • Robert C. Weaver = first black cabinet member • Foodstamp Program (1964) • Created to provide assistance to low-income families to purchase food.
A Wave of Liberal Reform The Warren Court1953 - 1969
What Did the Court Do? • Banned prayer in public schools • Declared state-loyalty oaths unconstitutional • Limited power of community to censor books and films • Said that free speech included wearing black armbands to school by antiwar students. • Brought change to state and federal reapportionment • Brought change to the criminal justice system
Reapportionment • Baker v. Carr (1962) • Court has jurisdiction over apportionment of seats in state legislatures • Overrepresentation of rural voters and under representation of urban voters was a violation of 14th amendment. • Called for reapportionment of voting districts. • Way in which states redraw election districts based on the changing number of people in them.
Rights of the Accused • Mapp v. Ohio (1961) • Evidence illegally seized could not be used in state courts. • Exclusionary rule • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) • Criminal courts must provide free legal counsel to those who could not afford it. • Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) • Accused has the right to an attorney while being questioned • Miranda v. Arizona (1966) • All suspects must be read their rights before being questioned. • Miranda rights: right to remain silent, right to an attorney, and what they say can be used against them in the court of law.