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THE COLD WAR. Brandenburg Gate. Quadriga. Victoria. East Berlin. West Berlin. Cold War. After WWII France, Brittan, the Dutch, China and most other European nations suffered economically. Only the USA left the war with an economic boom and a dominating military power.
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Quadriga Victoria
East Berlin West Berlin
Cold War • After WWII France, Brittan, the Dutch, China and most other European nations suffered economically. • Only the USA left the war with an economic boom and a dominating military power. • This caused conflict between America and many other nations. (3rd world nations)
USA and U.N. to the Rescue • Immediately after the war the UN supplied relief to the war torn parts of Asia and Europe. • Trying to mend some relations • The USA sent billions of $ to the UN to help finance the rebuilding of Europe and Asia. • Britain itself borrowed almost $4 Billion from the USA to pay for food.
USA Running Japan • As part of the Japan Surrender Treaty signed on the USS Missouri, Japan came under allied control. • Dwight Eisenhower as supreme controller of the allied occupational powers controlled Japan during the occupation for approximately 8 months! • Japanese Sign Final Surrender • Soviets, Poland, and Czechoslovakia opposed this plan and refused to sign the treaty • April 28th 1952 US officially ended the war with Japan and ALSO ended the US Occupation of Japan • Japan then signed treaties with most of the allied countries allowing them (the allied countries) to keep troops in Japan.
Backtrack Setting the Stage for Cold War
Berlin Split • USA, France, Britain, and Russia all shared occupation duties in Germany • London Protocol 1944 • Berlin was split into 3 sectors. (4 later) • USA, Britain, and Russia all occupying a party of Germany • France came in later • USA, France, and Britain’s section of Berlin was in Soviet controlled area of Germany
Potsdam Conference 1945 • Allied powers authorized an “orderly and humane” transfer of ethnic Germans from Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary to mainland Germany. (But this was put on hold) • Caused torture of the Germans (men/women/children) • Germans forced to wear arm bands and died while being forced to work in labor camps • Over 2 million Germans died during this slow “transportation” period
Potsdam Conference 1945 • Big goal was Denazification • Eliminating all traces of the Nazi’s in Germany • Eradicating Nazi influences in society, culture, press, economy, judiciary and visual aspects. • Removed all Swastikas • Harsh treatment was given to supposed German Nazi’s (induced famine) • Hard to police. • YouTube - Nuremberg: Denazification and Nazi Trials
Morgenthau Plan • Created by Henry Morgenthau Jr. (U.S. Secretary of Treasury) • A plan to ensure that Germany wouldn’t be able to wage war. • Destroyed it’s industrial capabilities • Set up the framework for putting War Criminals on Trial. • Precursor for the Nuremburg War Trials
Nuremburg Trials • Held in Nuremburg in 1945-1946 • 22 former Nazi officials were put on trial for War Crimes. • 19 Convicted • 12 sentenced to be hanged (only 10 hung) • Long Drop vs. Standard Drop • No firing squad for military officials • YouTube - 21 Nazi Chiefs Guilty, Nuremberg Trials 1946/10/8
USA Refurbishes Japan • Under the treaty with Japan. • USA required Japan to destroy all military weapons. • Japan would be protected by the USA’s military force. (Specifically our nuclear capabilities) • USA completely set up and modernized Japanese industry, management, and quality control. • In less than 30 years Japan became a viable international economy.
Groundwork for Cold WarYALTA 1945 • Joseph Stalin—Soviet Union • FranklinD.Roosevelt—USA • Winston Churchill—Great Britain • Discussed plans for final strike in Europe. • How they would handle Germany (post war) • Divide into 4 zones, Joint occupation of Berlin • United Nations Official Existence- Oct. 24th 1945
Yalta…Hot Points Poland: • Soviets wanted the government in Lublin(Communist Government) to be the governing body of Poland. (Soviets had very strong geographical/economic interests in Poland. • Britain wanted the London Government to rule Poland. • USA compromised: • Lublin would be the government of Poland. • Stalin would agree to “free & unrestrained” elections • Stalin agreed to hold the elections at “some time”. • Lublin would also have “other” political leaders as well.
War in Asia Agreement • Yalta Concessions • What Soviets Got • What The USA Got • Do this on your own • USA really wanted Soviet help in the war with Japan. • USA agreed to many political concessions to Soviets to accomplish this. (Soviets gained a lot of political power)
Soviets Union expands it’s grasp • Soviets started to set up communist regimes in Eastern Europe • Roosevelt and Truman saw this as a violation of the Yalta agreements. • Truman specifically told the Soviet union they were in violation of the Yalta agreement…Soviets didn’t care. • Stalin set up puppet communist governments in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary.
Stalin Churchill Uncle Sam
USA’s Response • USA concerned with Soviet influence expansion. • USA viewed Eastern Europe as a viable trading partner….Now in serious jeopardy because of Soviet control. • Soviets asked for $6 billion from USA. • USA said only on the condition that the soviets work cooperatively with us on trade. (Soviets said NYET) • Soviets then asked for only $1 billion. But USA said on the condition USA could trade in Eastern Europe. (NYET AGAIN)
Tensions Grow • Soviets resented lack of USA help and our failure to accept their dominance in E. Europe. • USA distrusted the Soviets Union • USA imposed economic sanctions on Soviet Union… But it didn’t deter them. • USA figured it wasn’t worth a war with Soviet Union over E. Europe. • USA looked the other way and reluctantly accepted Soviet Union expansion in E. Europe.
USE of the A-Bomb Rational?? • Critics of Truman say he used the A-Bomb: • “Atomic Diplomacy” • On an already defeated Japan to stop Soviets from going too far into China • So Soviets wouldn’t’ have involvement in postwar occupation of Japan.
USE of the A-Bomb Rational?? • Truman rational for use of the A-Bomb: “Theories” • Because it would bring a quick end to the war. #1 • Save countless American lives #1 • Afraid of criticism from American Public of spending $2billion on a weapon and not using it • Use of bomb would make Soviets more cooperative. • It didn’t. • Hoped it would end the war with Japan before Soviets got involved thus keeping soviets out of post war spoils.
USA fears Iron Curtain • USA was hoping to have a free trade with a prosperous E. Europe. • Soviets were determined to acquire and set up puppet governments in surrounding countries. • Winston Churchill said “we need to roll back the iron curtain of the Soviet Union” • Soviet Union took this as a declaration of war.
USA tries to bring unity • USA offers Soviet Union chance to join: • World Bank • International Monetary Fund • Both were denied by the Soviet Gov. • Soviets didn’t want to join because they felt both of those organizations were dominated by the USA and went against the Soviets plan for postwar.
Nuclear Power • Truman mentioned to Stalin in early 1945 they had a new weapon that would be awesome. • Stalin didn’t seem to care. • Stalin on the spot told his advisors to funnel money to their own nuclear arms research. • Stalin hired spies in the USA and other areas to find out as much info on the Manhattan Project.
The Rosenbergs Julius and Ethel Rosenberg • Civilians who were convicted of passing along information to the Soviets about the Atomic Bomb. • First civilians EVER executed for Espionage • Executed June 19th 1953 under the Espionage Act. • This information helped the Soviets gain Nuclear Weapons approximately 5 years earlier than expected.
USA Worries of Nuclear Weapons • The world was worried about a potential arms race. (what else could they come up with) • USA tried to go through the UN to gain control of international nuclear weapons. • Bernard Baruch: Lead the plan for the USA
USA/UN’s Nuclear Plan • Nuclear Weapons would be curtailed in stages but the USA would keep their weapons. • The Soviets would have to allow UN inspections of their Nuclear Sites to ensure compliance. • Soviets said NYET! • Soviets said how about USA destroys their weapons as a sign of faith. • USA said…”have you lost your mind? No!”
Disarmament Stalemate: • USA & Soviets both said their plan unconditionally or nothing. • Atomic Energy Act of 1946: • Agency (nongovernmental) to control all atomic energy research. • Kept tight restrictions • Only applied to the USA • (feeble attempt of show of faith)
Disarmament Stalemate • The mutual rise of Nuclear Weapons and the arms race most likely helped the world AVOID WWIII. • Be able to explain how and why.
Lead up to the Marshall Plan: • The split of East and West Europe hurt American Economy. • Eastern Europe was being run (semi-successfully) by the Soviets and communism. • Western Europe was following democracy. • Western Europe didn’t bounce back from the war like the USA did with a strong economy. • Western Europe was in bad economic shape.
