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DNA and Protein Synthesis

DNA and Protein Synthesis. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic Acids - Function. Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms make proteins. Nucleic Acids – Types . DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid RNA Ribonucleic Acid. As you know, DNA stands for…. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID.

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DNA and Protein Synthesis

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  1. DNA and Protein Synthesis

  2. Nucleic Acids

  3. Nucleic Acids - Function • Control the processes of heredity by which cells and organisms make proteins.

  4. Nucleic Acids – Types • DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • RNA • Ribonucleic Acid

  5. As you know, DNA stands for…. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

  6. Is DNA a monomer or polymer • Monomer • Polymer

  7. The monomer units of DNA are known as…. NUCLEOTIDES

  8. One of FOUR different NITROGEN BASES Phosphate Group Sugar= Deoxyribose All nucleotides have three “parts” in common. They all contain….

  9. PLEASE UNDERSTAND, A NUCLEOTIDE IS A VERY COMPLEX STRUCTURE. IF WE REPRESENTED ALL OF THE ATOMS, IT WOULD LOOK LIKE THIS…

  10. PHOSPHATE NITROGEN BASE SUGAR We will use our hands to represent a nucleotide.

  11. A T G C The four different Nitrogen Bases for DNA are abbreviated using the following letters…. Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine

  12. Using your two hands, please show how you think two nucleotides will/should bond together. Did you put your hands like this???

  13. T A In DNA, Adenine always pairs with Thymine using two hydrogen bonds.

  14. A AND T AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

  15. C G In DNA GUANINE always pairs with CYTOSINE using three hydrogen bonds.

  16. G AND C AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

  17. THE ENTIRE MOLECULE AT THE ATOMIC LEVEL

  18. Time to use your brain and hands in order to review nucleotide structure and type. USING YOUR HAND, SHOW ME THYMINE USING YOUR HAND SHOW ME ADENINE SHOW ME CYTOSINE SHOW ME HOW CYTOSINE AND THYMINE BOND TO FORM A RUNG ON THE LADDER THEY DON’T

  19. OK Now that you recognize nucleotide type and structure, it’s time to start building the polymer from these monomers.

  20. In order to make a molecule of DNA, you would need to create many rungs to the DNA ladder. Look. Many Rungs. Etc…

  21. Sugar, Phosphate. Sugar, Phosphate. Sugar, Phosphate. Etc… What part of the nucleotide alternates to form the sides of the DNA ladder? Etc…

  22. The Nitrogen Bases What makes up the “RUNGS” of the ladder?

  23. Go Ahead! Stack your hands on top of your partner’s hands building two rungs of the DNA ladder.

  24. TRY IT!!!

  25. If you link enough nucleotides together, the DNA molecule begins to take on the characteristic shape known as the Double Helix

  26. Let’s make a candy version of our DNA

  27. Let’s Review First… • Nucleic Acid • Nucleotide • DNA • RNA • Nitrogen Base • Double Helix

  28. Nucleic Acid – Structure • Made up of a chain of Nucleotides that contain • Phosphate backbone • Sugar • Nitrogen base • Guanine • Cytosine • Adenine • Thymine (Found only in DNA) • Uracil (Found only in RNA)

  29. Nucleic Acids

  30. DNA

  31. DNA SUGAR Phosphate

  32. Let’s see how well you looked at the diagram…regarding the nitrogen bases, Adenine always bonds with which one? • Cytosine • Thymine • Guanine • Uracil

  33. DNA SUGAR Phosphate

  34. Let’s make a candy version of our DNA

  35. Candy DNA • Pipe cleaner for the form • Red Twizzler = Deoxyribose • Black Twizzler = Phosphate • Colored Marshmallows = nitrogen bases

  36. Candy DNA • Colored Marshmallows = Nitrogen Bases • Pink Marshmallow = Adenine • Green Marshmallow = Thymine • Yellow Marshmallow = Cytosine • Orange Marshmallow = Guanine • We’ll use toothpicks to join the nitrogen bases to the sugar

  37. Let’s Build

  38. What actual structures make up the sides of the ladder? • Deoxyribose sugar • Phosphate

  39. What structures make up the rungs? • Nitrogen Bases

  40. What do you notice about all the DNA molecules in the room? • They are all different!

  41. DNA Replication • 1.) DNA unzips • 2.) Free nucleotides bond with open complementary base pairs • 3.) 2 new strands formed

  42. Let’s review DNA

  43. Let’s Build A Protein

  44. Protein Synthesis • It’s a process • DNA -> RNA -> Amino Acids (Protein)

  45. RNA • Sugar is Ribose NOT what… • Has nitrogen base Uracil instead of Thymine • Also contains the other 3 bases…what are they? • Only single stranded

  46. RNA

  47. Transcription • 1.) DNA strand unzips • The bonds between the nitrogen bases are broken • 2.) A single strand of mRNA (messenger RNA) is made • Pair up the bases • 3.) mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm

  48. Transcription

  49. Why is mRNA called messenger RNA? • Because it carries the directions to make a protein to the ribosome like a message

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