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FOLDS AND STRUCTURES DUE TO FOLDING

Learn about the processes of folding and faulting in geology, where compression leads to the formation of fold mountains like the Alps, Himalayas, and Rockies. Discover the types of folds such as anticlines and synclines, as well as faults like normal and reverse faults. Explore horsts, grabens, and strike-slip faults in the Earth's crust.

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FOLDS AND STRUCTURES DUE TO FOLDING

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  1. FOLDS AND STRUCTURES DUE TO FOLDING

  2. Folding generally takes place in areas of sedimentary rocks that have been laid down in horizontal layers called strata. When compression produces thrust [convergence], the earth folds along lines of strength and weakness. This creates long ranges of FOLD MOUNTAINS – Alps, Himalayas, Rockies…

  3. The Alps

  4. Compressed into folds

  5. PARTS OF A FOLD:ANTICLINE: the layers of rock that bend up.

  6. ANTICLINE

  7. SYNCLINE: The layers of rock that bend down

  8. SYNCLINE

  9. SYNCLINE

  10. Anticline

  11. Anticline(s)

  12. Faulting –adjacent surfaces are displaced relative to one another

  13. Normal Fault • In normal faulting, the hanging wall block moves down relative to the footwall block. • Normal faults are associated with crustal TENSION.

  14. Normal Fault…

  15. Reverse Fault • In reverse faulting, the hanging wall block moves up relative to the footwall block. • Reverse faults are associated with crustal COMPRESSION and are also known as thrust faults.

  16. Components of FAULTING…

  17. A horst occurs when a mass of the earth's crust that lies between two faults and is higher than the surrounding land.

  18. A graben is an elongated depression between geologic faults.

  19. Strike-slip Fault • In strike-slip faulting, the two blocks move either to the left or to the right relative to one another.

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