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BSA Merit Badge Program; PUBLIC HEALTH

BSA Merit Badge Program; PUBLIC HEALTH. A historic public health event in the 1800’s was stopping disease outbreak by removing the water pump handle. Enter Your Contact Information Here. This presentation developed by a Scout Leader from the Erie County Department of Health.

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BSA Merit Badge Program; PUBLIC HEALTH

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  1. BSA Merit Badge Program; PUBLIC HEALTH A historic public health event in the 1800’s was stopping disease outbreak by removing the water pump handle. Enter Your Contact Information Here

  2. This presentation developed by a Scout Leader from the Erie County Department of Health. This presentation focuses on communicable/ infectious diseases and diseases that may be contracted while in the outdoors. You may want to include slides about chronic disease and health behaviors, which are also important topics in public health. Please visit the New York State Department of Health website for more information. Boy Scout Public Health Merit Badge

  3. These are common chronic diseases Obesity Diabetes Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Chronic Diseases

  4. Diet and nutrition Physical Activity Smoking Alcohol consumption Health Behaviors

  5. Enter the name of your facility (LHD, etc.) here. • Provide an outline of the agenda for the day here. • Include general topics to be covered.

  6. Name IS YOUR MB CARD PROPERLY COMPLETED? Address City X ### Troop District Council Date Unit Leader’s Sig. Name Name PUBLIC HEALTH Badge Leader’s Name X ### Address PUBLIC HEALTH Address PUBLIC HEALTH Telephone Number Unit Leader’s Sig.

  7. What is PUBLIC HEALTH? “The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals."Charles-Edward Amory Winslow -1920

  8. CORE FUNTIONS OF PUBLIC HEALTH Source: Center for Disease Control and Prevention www.cdc.gov

  9. Contaminated Food Aerosol/Droplet Direct Contact Contaminated Water Vectors HOW CAN DISEASESBE SPREAD?

  10. WHAT IS A VECTOR? A vector is an organism that does not cause disease itself but that transmits infection by conveying pathogens from one host to another, serving as a route of transmission.

  11. In our homes and community… Proper trash storage and disposal Prompt disposal of pet feces Eliminate standing water (old tires, poor-draining gutters, natural puddles and pools, etc.) Remove debris and weed overgrowth (wood or rock piles, construction debris, etc.) Make sure your home or business is well maintained, with no opening for rodents to get inside At camp… Keep your tent and campsite clean (not “Boy clean”, “Mom clean”!) Proper food storage (NOT IN YOUR TENT!) Proper trash storage and disposal Practice LEAVE NO TRACE Leave cabin doors and windows closed to avoid mosquitoes and unwanted animals Check body and clothing for ticks CONTROLLING DISEASE IN YOUR HOME, COMMUNITY AND AT CAMP

  12. LET’S TALK A BIT MORE ABOUT CAMP……… mom CLEAN boy CLEAN

  13. LET’S TALK A BIT MORE ABOUT CAMP… Bites from rabid raccoons require 5 visits to the doctor on days 0,3,7,14 and 28 after the bite for injections to prevent death from rabies.

  14. One last observation about camp cleanliness… Dirty snow outside of a BSA camp.

  15. LABORATORY ACTIVITY #1Investigation of Germ Distribution due to Fomite Exposure WHO GOT DA COOTIES? You may want to conduct an activity here. When this presentation was originally given, the badge leader used “Glow-Germ" powder to demonstrate germ transmission person-to-person and/or fomite-to-person. Ideas for other activities can be found on the NYSDOH Public Health Works! Website: http://www.health.state.ny.us/prevention/public_health_works/

  16. E. coli Escherichia coli Is it dangerous? E. coli is one of the most common bacteria found in human and animal digestive systems. It benefits to us include the production of vitamin K2 (important to the body for helping blood to clot) and by preventing other dangerous germs to grow in our guts. Gram negative bacillus However, some varieties, or STRAINS, are bad. They have developed the ability to produce toxins that can make us very ill or even cause death. Occasionally during butchering or other food preparation processes our food becomes contaminated with the “bad” E. coli. If the food is not cooked or not cooked properly, we consume the bad germs and they grow inside our digestive tracts and cause illness. Can also be acquired by swallowing contaminated swimming water (lakes or pools).

  17. Pathogenic E. coli BACTERIA Type or Form? NONE Possible vectors? • USE CARE WHEN PREPARING FOODS. • KEEP MEATS AWAY FROM FOODS THAT WON’T BE COOKED. • COOK GROUND OR TENDERIZED MEATS TO AN INTERNAL • TEMPERATURE OF 160oF. Methods of prevention? • SUPPORTIVE CARE, INCLUDING HYDRATION. • ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI-DIARRHEALS • SHOULD NOT BE USED AS THEY INCREASE • THE RISK OF COMPLICATIONS • (Kidney failure in 5% - 10% of cases ). Available treatments?

  18. Tetanus Clostridium tetani Gram positive bacillus • Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is caused by a toxin • (tetanospasmin) produced by the bacteria Clostridium tetani. • C. tetani is a common environmental bacteria found in soil, • especially current or former farm lands. • The disease was first described by the Greek physician • Hippocrates in the fifth century BC. • Characteristic symptoms include severe muscle pain and • stiffness, difficulty swallowing, muscle spasms • (strong enough to break bones) • Commonly associated with rusty nails, it is not the rust that causes tetanus, but the dirt and low oxygen environment of the rust that provides a place for the germs to hide. The rusty nails act as a “FOMITE”. • 10% - 20% of those infected die.

  19. Tetanus BACTERIA Type or Form? PUNCTURE WOUNDS FROM DIRTY OBJECTS(FOMITES) Possible vectors? • CHILDHOOD VACCINATION SERIES AVAILABLE. • BOOSTER SHOTS EVERY 10 YEARS FOR ADULTS. • IF YOU SUFFER A DEEP PUNCTURE WOUND APPLY • APPROPRIATE FIRST-AID AND FOLLOW-UP WITH A DOCTOR. Methods of prevention? • TETANUS BOOSTER SHOT. • TETANUS IMMUNE GLOBULIN. • ANTIBIOTICS. Available treatments?

  20. AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus replicates itself inside the human white blood cells responsible for controlling our immune systems. When the virus destroys enough cells over time, our immune system fails. Patients become very susceptible to “opportunistic infections” • Spread person-to-person or by needles/surgical instruments when infected body fluids are present • (i.e. bloodborne pathogen): • Sexually transmitted • Use of dirty/contaminated needles • Mother to child: During pregnancy, at birth, • and from breastfeeding. • Healthcare and Emergency Service Professionals AIDS requires a lot of drugs to treat it. What about Blood and organ donation/transplant?

  21. AIDS VIRUS Type or Form? NONE IDENTIFIED Possible vectors? • SAFE SEX PRACTICES OR ABSTINENCE. • DON’T USE ILLICIT DRUGS. • SUBSTANCE ABUSERS TAKE ADVANTAGE OF NEEDLE • EXCHANGE PROGRAMS. • WORKERS NEED TO WEAR personal protective equipment (PPE). • TESTING OF BLOOD/ORGANS BEFORE TRANSFUSION/TRANSPLANT. Methods of prevention? • NO VACCINE, NO CURE. • ANTIVIRAL DRUGS CAN SLOW PROGRESS • OF DISEASE. • TREATMENT OF OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS. Available treatments?

  22. Encephalitis ENCEPHALITIS EN- What? ENCEPHAL – “In the head” (greek origin – enkephalos). -ITIS – refering to an inflammation of an organ or tissue. • Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain • Inflammation is usually caused by infection or • an inappropriate auto-immune response to infection • The incidence is reported as 7.4 cases per 100,000 people (based on US statistics) • Anyone can become ill with encephalitis, at any age • The inflammation can damage nerve cells resulting in “acquired brain injury” • Compared to other infectious diseases, encephalitis has a high death rate • ARBOVIRUSES – Viruses transmitted by Arthropods (Mosquitoes & Ticks) • West Nile Fever, St. Louis Encephalitis, Japanese Encephalitis, Australian Encephalitis, Dengue Fever • LaCrosse Encephalitis, California Encephalitis, Rift Valley Fever, Yellow Fever • Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE), Venezuelan Equine • Encephalitis (VEE), Tick-Borne Encephalitis, Colorado Tick Fever • OTHER CAUSES • Syphilis • Lyme Disease • Rabies

  23. Encephalitis VIRUS or BACTERIA Type or Form? MOSQUITOES, TICKS, ??? Possible vectors? • VECTOR CONTROL • SOME VACCINES AVAILABLE • USE OF TICK & MOSQUITO REPELLENTS Methods of prevention? • SOME VACCINES AVAILABLE • ANTIVIRAL DRUGS SOMETIMES WORK • SUPPORTIVE CARE • ANTIBIOTICS FOR BACTERIAL CAUSES • SOME HAVE NO CURE/TREATMENT Available treatments?

  24. Salmonella Food Poisoning Salmonella sp. Caused by the bacterial genus Salmonella. Infection occurs by ingesting food products contaminated with Salmonella bacteria. Symptoms occur 12 to 72 after consuming contaminated food and include vomiting and diarrhea. In children, elderly, and persons with weakened immune systems severity of the infection can cause death. Contamination usually occurs or spreads during food handling and preparation. The bacteria are also commonly found on reptiles, amphibians, rodents and birds. Gram negative bacillus

  25. Salmonella BACTERIA Type or Form? NONE Possible vectors? • SAFE FOOD HANDLING PRACTICES • Wash hands after handing pet rodents, turtles, lizards, etc. Methods of prevention? • SUPPORTIVE CARE • ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTI-DIARRHEALS • SHOULD NOT BE USED AS THEY INCREASE • THE RISK OF COMPLICATIONS Available treatments?

  26. Lyme Disease Borreliosis Lyme disease is caused by bacteria transmitted by the deer tick (Ixodes scapularis). Symptoms can include chills and fever, headache, fatigue, stiff neck, muscle and/or joint pain, and swollen glands, and if left untreated, may include severe fatigue, a stiff aching neck, and tingling or numbness in the arms and legs, or facial paralysis can occur. Over 77,000 cases have been reported in NYS since Lyme disease became reportable in 1986. Young deer ticks, called nymphs, are active from mid-May to mid-August and are about the size of poppy seeds. Adult ticks, which are approximately the size of sesame seeds, are most active from March to mid-May and from mid-August to November. Ticks can be active any time the temperature is above freezing. This is a bull’s eye rash that is typical in many cases.

  27. Lyme Disease BACTERIA Type or Form? DEER TICK (Ixodes scapularis) Possible vectors? • TAKE PRECAUTIONS IN TICK AREAS • Wear light-colored clothing • Use insect repellent w/ DEET • Check your body for ticks • Know how to properly remove a tick if you are bitten • Remove the tick ASAP (36 hour rule) Methods of prevention? Available treatments? Antibiotics may be used

  28. LABORATORY ACTIVITY #2BACTERIAL GRAM STAIN PROCEDURE This procedure is done to help identify the particular bacteria that has made a person ill. You may want to conduct another activity here. When this presentation was originally given, the badge leader preformed a gram stain and read it under a microscope. For more activity ideas, visit the NYSDOH Public Health Works website: http://www.health.state.ny.us/prevention/public_health_works/

  29. SAFETY & SECURITY RULES IN THE LABORATORY • NO FOOD OR DRINK IN LABORATORY AREAS • ABSOLUTELY NO HORSEPLAY • DO NOT TOUCH OR LEAN ON COUNTERTOPS OR • EQUIPMENT • STAY WITH THE GROUP AT ALL TIMES • NO SOUVENIRS • NO PHOTOGRAPHY WITHOUT PERMISSION • FOLLOW DIRECTIONS OF LABORATORY PERSONEL AT ALL TIMES • WASH YOUR HANDS WHEN LEAVING LABORATORIES

  30. Gram Negative Diplococci Gonorrhea Bacteria Type or Form? • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD) • NO VECTORS Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? • ABSTINENCE • SAFE SEX PRACTICES Methods of prevention? • ANTIBIOTICS Available treatments?

  31. West Nile Disease Virus Type or Form? Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? Mosquitoes transmit virus from birds • Eliminate stagnant water sources • Use insect repellent Methods of prevention? • No disease treatment • Supportive care Available treatments?

  32. Gram positive bacillus Botulism Bacteria (toxin) Type or Form? • Usually foodborne, can be wound related • NO VECTORS Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? • Safe food handling • Proper wound care Methods of prevention? • ANTITOXIN • SUPPORTIVE CARE • ANTIBIOTICS Available treatments? Medical use of toxin? Botox is purified and diluted botulinum toxin. People used to use castor oil as a laxative, Castor oil comes from castor beans and contains ricin in trace amounts which can cause diarrhea/GI distress.

  33. Influenza Virus Type or Form? • Person-to-person • Aerosol/Droplet • No vectors Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? • Hand washing • Social distancing • Animal/Bird- to- person Methods of prevention? Available treatments? • Antiviral therapies • Every year in the United States, on average: • 5% to 20% of the population gets the flu; • more than 200,000 people are hospitalized from flu-related complications • about 36,000 people die from flu-related causes. What about Pandemic Influenza? The World Health Organization has declared a pandemic (worldwide disease) in 2009 from the novel H1N1 virus that has pig and bird components.

  34. Syphilis Bacteria Type or Form? • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD) • NO VECTORS Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? • ABSTINENCE • SAFE SEX PRACTICES Methods of prevention? • ANTIBIOTICS Available treatments?

  35. Liver infection can cause whites of eyes to become yellow. Hepatitis Virus(es) Type or Form? • BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN • FOODBORNE ILLNESS Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? • BLOOD AND BODY FLUID PRECAUTIONS • PROPER FOOD HANDLING/ HYGIENE Methods of prevention? • ANTIVIRAL THERAPIES • SUPPORTIVE CARE • SOMETIMES SELF-LIMITING Available treatments?

  36. Emphysema Environmental Type or Form? • CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO TOXIC CHEMICALS, NOTABLY LONG-TERM TOBACCO USE Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? • NO/STOP SMOKING • Avoid second- hand smoke Methods of prevention? • NO CURE • SUPPORTIVE/COMFORT CARE UNTIL DEATH • LUNG TRANSPLANTS Available treatments?

  37. Meningitis: Inflammation of the lining of the spinal cord or brain Bacterial or Viral Type or Form? • Person-to-Person • No vectors Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? • Vaccination • Isolation/Quarantine Methods of prevention? • Bacterial – Antibiotics • Viral – Usually self-limiting • Supportive care Available treatments?

  38. Herpes Virus Type or Form? • Person-to-Person • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE (STD) • Maternal-to-Infant • Primate- to- person Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? • Avoidance • Safe Sex • Avoid contact with old-world primates Methods of prevention? • NO CURE • ANTIVIRALS TO CONTROL OUTBREAKS Available treatments?

  39. Lead Poisoning Lead Paint Environmental Type or Form? • Environmental exposure • (usually ingestion by infants/toddlers) Mode of Transmission / Possible vectors? Lead Shot • Identification of “at risk” persons • Environmental monitoring • Abatement Methods of prevention? • Chelation Therapy Available treatments?

  40. Switching Gears

  41. IMMUNIZATIONS Immunization is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes “trained” to protect a person from a disease agent. NATURAL vs. ARTIFICIAL IMMUNIZATION ACTIVE vs. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION VACCINATION

  42. RECOMMENDED CHILDHOOD & ADOLESCENT IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)) 2009 Recommended recurring vaccinations for adults include INFLUENZA (annually) and TETANUS every 10 years)

  43. Food Poisonings (E. coli, Salmonella, others) AIDS Encephalitis (Some vaccines in development or available outside of the U.S.) Gonorrhea West Nile Virus (available for animals, human trials in progress) Botulism (In development/Experimental) Syphilis Emphysema Lead Poisoning DISEASES FOR WHICH THERE IS CURRENTLY NO VACCINATION

  44. Leave No Trace By washing dishes in waterways you are releasing chemicals (soap, phosphorus) and food debris into the water. Also, the water may contain micro-organisms which you might ingest if you used wet dishes from the water source.

  45. Daily indoor per capita water use in a typical single family home is gallons! 70 Here is how it breaks down……. Visit this site to calculate your water consumption! http://www.csgnetwork.com/waterusagecalc.html

  46. A VIRTUAL TOUR OF A WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY http://www.rewaonline.org/treatment-process.php

  47. LABORATORY ACTIVITY #3Water Quality Analysis TURBIDITY pH Dissolved O2 You may want toconduct an activity here. When this presentation was originally given, the badge leader performed some basic water quality analyses including pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Ideas for other activities can be found on the NYSDOH Public Health Works! Website: http://www.health.state.ny.us/prevention/public_health_works/ and www.worldwatermonitoringday.org. Please contact your local health department or consult a text book or the internet for help in completing this lab.

  48. DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE IN WILDERNESS CAMPING ENVIRONMENTS Pack it in, pack it out. Inspect your campsite and rest areas for trash or spilled foods. Pack out all trash, leftover food, and litter. Deposit solid human waste in holes dug 6 to 8 inches deep at least 200 feet from water, camp, and trails. Cover and disguise the hole when finished. Pack out toilet paper and hygiene products. To wash yourself or your dishes, carry water 200 feet away from streams or lakes and use small amounts of biodegradable soap. Scatter strained dishwater.

  49. CHEMICAL TREATMENT BOILING FILTRATION MAKING WATER SAFE TO DRINK WHILE CAMPING Follow directions for safety. Ineffective against some agents. Common agents of concern found in water: Bacteria – E. coli, Salmonella Protozoa – Giardia, Cryptosporidium Chemical – Heavy metals, Organic compounds, Pesticides

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