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What this course is about...

SPEED LIMIT. ¥. What this course is about. Speeeeeeeeeeeed!. Our domain. We are interested primarily with CPU-related functions A single chip, often with several CPUs on it. Also, we’re interested in memory systems The important parts we care about are...

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What this course is about...

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  1. SPEEDLIMIT ¥ What this course is about... Speeeeeeeeeeeed!

  2. Our domain • We are interested primarily with CPU-related functions • A single chip, often with several CPUs on it • Also, we’re interested in memory systems • The important parts we care about are... • Cache (on-chip, or close to the CPU) • Virtual memory (includes the disk drive) Intel Core 2 Extreme Mobile X7900 1.4

  3. A Motherboard MSI P6N SLI-FI ATX Intel Motherboard

  4. A bit of history Size Power Perf. Memory Price PerformanceYear Name (ft3) (watts) (adds/sec) (1996 $) /Price 1951 Univac 1 1000 124,500 1,900 48 KB $4,996,749 1 1964 IBM 60 10,000 500,000 64 KB $4,140,257 318 S360/50 1965 PDP-8 8 500 330,000 4 KB $66,071 13,135 1976 Cray-1 58 60,000 166,000,000 32 MB $8,459,712 50,604 1981 IBM PC 1 150 240,000 256 KB $4,081 154,673 1996 Pentium 0.5 500 400,000,000 16 MB $4,400 239,000,000Pro 200 2003 Pentium 0.5 250 6,000,000,000 512 MB $1,000 15 x 109 4/3000 2009 Core 2 0.5 400 18,000,000,000 8 GB $500 100 x 109 Duo E6850 2011 i7-870 0.5 400 90,000,000,000 16 GB $500 473 x 109 1.8

  5. Whodunit? • J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly (U. Penn) • ENIAC during WWII. Computed artillery tables, programmed by re-cabling. • John von Neumann • Joined ENIAC project in 1944 • Credited with developing the concept of a stored-program computer • Maurice Wilkes (Cambridge) • Developed EDSAC in 1946, first stored-program computer 1.8

  6. Generations... Generation Dates Primary Technology Memory Technology 1 50’s Vacuum tubes Mercury Tubes, CRTs 2 60-68 Transistors Core memory,Drums 3 69-77 I.C. DRAM, Tapes 4 78- LSI, VLSI DRAM, Disks, CDs, Flash 5 ? ? ? 1.8

  7. ? Things change... • Will everything you learn in this course be obsolete next year? • NO! (at least not everything) • Basic concepts stay the same • CPU/Memory interface • Instruction execution • Instruction sets • Memory hierarchy • Even the details don’t change too fast • Caches, Virtual memory, Pipelines all look similar to the way they’ve always looked • The technology changes, the concepts remain

  8. What You Will Learn in this Course • All about the innards of of a computer • Processor Architecture • Instruction Set (Assembly language) • Datapaths • Arithmetic • Control • Pipelining • Memory systems • Cache memories • Virtual memory

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