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Nixon ~ Ford ~ Carter

Nixon ~ Ford ~ Carter. Foreign Policy Overview. Preexisting conditions leading to détente A. Khrushchev leaves power in 1964 B. Growing USSR-PRC tensions C. Arab-Israeli War of 1967 D. Czechoslovakia Invasion 1968 E. World communist movement disintegrated in 1969.

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Nixon ~ Ford ~ Carter

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  1. Nixon ~ Ford ~ Carter Foreign Policy Overview

  2. Preexisting conditions leading to détente • A. Khrushchev leaves power in 1964 • B. Growing USSR-PRC tensions • C. Arab-Israeli War of 1967 • D. Czechoslovakia Invasion 1968 • E. World communist movement • disintegrated in 1969

  3. Nixon Administration Outlooks • A. Saw USSR as partner in ending Vietnam • War • B. Soviet nuclear and conventional parity • (Functional equivalence, as in the weaponry\ • or military strength of adversaries) • C. Linkage • D. Stability in the 3rd World • E. Weapons development – anti-ballistic • missile system (ABM)

  4. Arms Negotiations (Détente) • A. Soviet Incentive to participate • 1. Economic slowdown • 2. Needed technology and K investment • B. Forces against cooperation • 1. ‘Hit them while they are down’ – Vietnam • 2. Growing military strength

  5. C. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks / Treaty (SALT) • 1. ABM worried USSR; 1st strike technology worried US • 2. SALT I signed May 1972 • a. Limited deployment of ABM • b. Did not cover offensive weapons • 3. Non-weapons agreements • a. Space exploration • b. Agricultural sales, Cultural exchanges, • transportation • c. Planned SALT II agenda • Political Implications of SALT = cooled political tensions with USSR • and PRC (covered in next slide) • E. Strategic Implications of SALT – limits on US leads

  6. PRC – US Relations • A. Increasing USSR-PRC tensions • B. Secret talks • C. February 1972 Nixon visit • D. Bipolar to Multi-polar world

  7. Germany and all things German • A. WWII heritage • B. Past US-USSR tensions • C. Role of a treaty • D. Ostpolitik • E. East-West German agreement of 1972

  8. The Middle East – Cold War Perspective • A. The Six Day War (1967) • 1. Egypt, Syria, and Jordan v. Israel • 2. Moscow threatened to intervene • 3. Israel won war, Moscow won influence • a. Naval ports in Egypt • b. Soviet Air Force • B. USSR – Egyptian violence against Israel • C. Death of Nasser – Sadat takes power • 1. Asks for USSR aid in gaining lost land • 2. USSR backs away due to détente • 3. Sadat expels all Soviet military in May 1972

  9. Yom Kippur War (October 1973) • 1. Egypt & Syria attack Israel • 2. Soviet aid & encouragement for • all Arab nations • 3. Golda Meir threatens nuclear war • 4. US assistance to Israel • 5. Israeli advance deep into Egypt • prompts Soviet threat • 6. US troops put on alert • 7. Cease-fire

  10. Ford Administration • A. Congress (re)asserts its power in foreign affairs • 1. War Powers Resolution • 2. Ended Cambodian bombing • 3. Outlawed return visit to Vietnam • 4. USSR – human rights link • B. Lack of foreign policy options • C. Economic disintegration • 1. Weakening dollar • 2. Deficit spending • 3. Gold standard abandoned • 4. Foreign energy dependency

  11. Africa • A. Seen as a net gain for USSR • B. Introduction of non-superpower client states • 1. Cuba • 2. South Africa • C. Test case = Angola • 1. UNITA – US/SA/PRC backed • 2. MPLA – USSR/Cuba backed • D. Orbit countries • 1. USSR – Mozambique, Ethiopia, Congo (B) • 2. US – South Africa, Zaire, Botswana • E. Soviets determined not to overextend

  12. Helsinki Accord (1973) • A. Joint NATO-Warsaw Pact Security Conference • B. The Helsinki Final Act • 1. Gave legal standing to de facto boundaries • following WWII • 2. Established human rights (and the monitoring • of it) a shared concern)

  13. Carter Administration • A. New demands by voters • B. Approach going into office • 1. Respect human rights • 2. Seek détente • 3. Arms control • C. New actors • 1. Cyrus Vance – SoD • 2. Zbigniew Brzezniew – NSA • D. Arms control (SALT II) as an economic policy • E. Brezhnev’s failing leadership

  14. Slipping Away – World Trends • A. Afghanistan – communist • B. Fall of the Shah of Iran • C. American hostages (444 days)

  15. D. Grenada – communist • E. Guatemala – communist • US Foreign Policy Successes • A. Camp David Accords • 1. Sinai Peninsula for recognition • 2. Only lasting peace agreement to • date in the Middle East • 3. USSR circumvented by peace process • B. Official recognition of PRC (1978)

  16. President Jimmy Carter mediated between Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat.

  17. 1979 – Year of disaster • A. SALT II • 1. Five years of negotiations • 2. Carter withdrew treaty from Senate • protesting the Soviet invasion of • Afghanistan (also boycotted • ’80 Olympics) • B. Iran hostages • C. Cuban tensions

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