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Progressive Era

Progressive Era. Mr. Pearson. Progressive Era Introduction. A Reform Movement: 1901-1917 Urban Based Historiography of Progressivism Who Were the Progressives? Reform Problems Created During the Gilded Age. Progressive Issues. Business Regulation Reform of Government Welfare Reform

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Progressive Era

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  1. Progressive Era Mr. Pearson

  2. Progressive Era Introduction • A Reform Movement: 1901-1917 • Urban Based • Historiography of Progressivism • Who Were the Progressives? • Reform Problems Created During the • Gilded Age

  3. Progressive Issues • Business Regulation • Reform of Government • Welfare Reform • Moral Reform

  4. Urban Progressivism • The Setting For Progressivism is in the Cities • Catalyst for Reform • A New “Middle” Class • Response to 1893 Economic Depression • Exposing Corruption / The Muckrakers

  5. The Muckrakers • Periodicals: McClure’s, Collier’s • Ida Tarbell / Standard Oil Trust • Upton Sinclair: The Jungle • David Phillips: “The Treason of the Senate” • Lincoln Stephens / City Government Corruption • Jacob Riis: How the Other Half Lives / City Slums and Living Conditions

  6. Muckrakers

  7. Progressive Agenda at the Urban Level4 Main Features • 1) Utility Regulation • Utility Commissions • Reform Leadership: • Charles Evans Hughes (New York) • Robert Lafollette (Wisconsin) • Commission Problems

  8. Modernizing Government • Organization and Efficiency are Important to Progressives • New Administrative Techniques • Centralizing Government • Urban Planning • Zoning Laws

  9. Health and Housing in the City • Housing Conditions Poor • Legislative Approach to Improve • Tenement Housing Laws • Government Housing Departments • Government Subsidized Housing

  10. Transformation of Politics • Restructuring of Political Systems • Decline of Ethnic Political Party Machines • Rise in Bureaucracy

  11. State Progressivism • State of the State Governments at the Turn of the 20th Century • Corruption • State Legislators Select National Senate Representatives for Washington D.C. • State Budgets

  12. Electoral Reform • Initiative • Referendum • Recall • Direct Primaries • Direct Election of Senators in the State = 17th Amendment

  13. State Government Reform • Centralization / Organization / Efficiency Theme • State Commissions to Regulate Business and Utilities • Progressive State Law Examples: • Women, Children, Schools, Labor, Minimum Wages, Workers Compensation

  14. Factory Safety Acts • Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire • New York City: 3/25/1911 • Impact: • 56 Laws to Regulate: Sanitary, Structural, and Safety Requirements • Industrial Board Commissions Created

  15. Triangle Shirtwaist Company

  16. Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

  17. Moral Crusaders • Temperance / Prohibition • The Women's Christian Temperance League • The Anti-Saloon League • Carrie Nation (Media Events: Size: 6’ 180 Lbs.) • Result: 18th Amendment Ratified: 1919 • Prohibits the Sale and Manufacture of Alcohol

  18. Health Movement • State Boards of Health • State Hospitals • Insane: Dorothea Dix • T.B. Tuberculosis • Result e.g. : Infant Mortality Declines 50%

  19. Education Reforms • Compulsory Education Laws Passed • Public Tax Dollars for Public Schools • School Day Extended • Teacher Standards Increased: Education Requirements for Teachers Increase (Professional Job Requirements, Teacher Testing etc.) • Increase in Teacher Wages

  20. Women’s Issues • Women’s Suffrage: Key Issue • Historical Background and Suffrage Leaders • Susan B. Anthony • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Lucretia Mott • Carrie Chapman Catt

  21. Women’s Suffrage • Suffrage Resistance • The Association Opposed to Women’s Suffrage • Economic Increases by Women who were Economically Independent Helps Lead to Suffrage • 19th Amendment: Ratified August 18, 1920 • Protection of Female Employees • Margret Sanger / Birth Control and Family Planning Movement

  22. National Progressivism • Emergence of Modern Politics • Review Past American Political History • Political Changes • Republican Domination • Democrats

  23. Transformation in Government • Congress • Speaker of the House Gains Power • Reliance on the Committee System • Executive Branch • Growing Need for a Stronger President • Theodore Roosevelt: “Square Deal / New Nationalism”

  24. Teddy Roosevelt

  25. National Progressive Agenda4 Main Areas • Railroad Regulation • I.C.C.: Interstate Commerce Commission • Elkins Act 1903 • Hepburn Act 1906

  26. Trust Question • Impact of Big Business • T.R. Solutions / Good vs. Bad Trusts: Publicity, Trust-busting, Regulation • Department of Commerce • Northern Securities Co. 1902 • Regulation: Bureau of Corporations; Dept. of Commerce

  27. Consumer Protection Legislation • Need Great / No Regulation of Food Industry • Upton Sinclair: The Jungle • Federal Meat Inspection Act 1906 • Pure Food and Drug Act 1906

  28. Conservation • Acute Need to Conserve Natural Resources • Two Main Groups Seek T.R. Support for Legislation • Conservationists • Preservationists

  29. Conservationists / Gifford Pinchot • Multiple Use Concept • Government Regulation • Creation of the United States Forest Service

  30. Preservationists / John Muir • America Needs Preservation not just Conservation • Yosemite National Park Development • Creation of the Sierra Club

  31. Conservation • Conflict Between Department of the Interior and Department of Agriculture • Interior: National Park Service • Agriculture: National Forest Service • Legislation Examples • Forest Reserve Act • National Forest Service • National Monuments • Newland Irrigation Act

  32. T.R. 2nd Term • The Roosevelt Promise • “Appoints” Taft as Successor

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