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This text explores the migration patterns of Indian laborers, particularly from Punjab, to Canada and the U.S. between 1899 and 1924. Highlighting the socio-economic pressures such as debt and wage disparities faced by soldiers and farmers, the analysis delves into the challenges of integration within predominantly Caucasian societies. It also discusses the implications of exclusionary policies and the cultural exchanges among Indian migrants, including relationships with Mexican communities, and the evolution of family structures in this diverse milieu.
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??? • Push-Pull • Pop. pressure, debt • Soldiers? • Wages $$$
Punjab • Literate • Farmers
“Hindu” • Sikh – 85%
BalbirSodhi • Frank Roque
Canada • Then U.S. • Govt.: stop migrants • Philippines?
Farming, CA • Richard Wilbur
EXCLUSION • “Caucasians” • 1917 • 1924
Bhagat Singh Thind, 1923 • Army vet • Indians?
Imperial Val • Diverse • “colored” section • Segregation: schools, facilities, etc.
LIFE • Work, integration • Exclusively male • Small pop.; no ethnic “towns”
Marriage? • Mexican women? • Revolution, 1910 • Singles, north • ??? • Work, friends
Punjab and Mexican • Language • Culture • Large families • Divorce – 20%