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Unit 3 Part 1: Age of Revolutions. 7-3.1 Explain the causes, key events, and outcomes of the French Revolution, including the storming of the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, and Napoleon’s rise to power.
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Unit 3 Part 1: Age of Revolutions 7-3.1 Explain the causes, key events, and outcomes of the French Revolution, including the storming of the Bastille, the Reign of Terror, and Napoleon’s rise to power. 7-3.2 Analyze the effects of the Napoleonic Wars on the development and spread of nationalism in Europe, including the Congress of Vienna, the revolutionary movements of 1830 and 1848, and the unification of Germany and Italy. 7-3.3 Explain how the Haitian, Mexican, and South American revolutions were influenced by Enlightenment ideas as well as by the spread of nationalism and the revolutionary movements in the United States and Europe. 7-3.4 Explain how the Industrial Revolution caused economic, cultural, and political changes around the world.
The French Revolution • Revolution-a sweeping change • The French Revolution was inspired by the American Revolution and the Enlightenment. • There were 2 causes to the French Revolution: • Unfair social classes • King Louis XVI spent too much money
Unfair Social Classes • First Estate-Catholic Clergy; owned 15% of land; made up 1% of the population • Second Estate-Nobility; owned 25% of land; made up 2% of the population • Third Estate-Everyone else (lawyers, craftsmen, merchants, and peasants); paid the majority of taxes and were not represented enough in government. • Most of the Third Estate was made up of peasants.
King Louis XVI • King Louis XVI was a weak and extravagant leader. • He spent too much money fighting wars (such as allying with the Americans in the American Revolution) and he spent too much money on himself. • The people of France paid a lot in taxes and banks refused to loan Louis XVI any more money.
The Estates-General meeting • Because the banks wouldn’t loan him any more money, he was forced to call together a meeting of the Estates-General, or the legislative body of France. • The Third Estate wanted to change the set-up of the Legislative body. • They wanted each person to have one vote, rather than one vote per estate. • The king said NO, so they broke away and formed a new government known as the National Assembly.
The National Assembly • The National Assembly symbolized an end to absolute monarchy in France as well as the start of representative government. • They tried to attend another Estates-General meeting, but they were kicked out. • They gathered on the king’s tennis courts and wrote a new constitution known as the Tennis Court Oath.
The Beginning of the Revolution • On July 14, 1789, a mob of peasants stormed the Bastille, a hated prison. • They gathered weapons and tore the Bastille down. This was the OFFICIAL beginning of the French Revolution. • Riots broke out across the countryside as peasants began robbing the homes of nobles and killing them because of their anger over the estates system and their poverty.
The Legislative Assembly • In 1791, a constitutional monarchy was established. • This weakened the power of the king and granted power to the people. It was called the Legislative Assembly. • In late 1791, the constitution was set aside and the king was put in prison. • The legislature took over in the form of a new government known as the National Convention.
The National Convention • The National Convention declared France a republic and allowed all men to vote. • They began a military draft to raise an army to protect the revolution from the armies of other European monarchs. • The National Convention also used the guillotine as a way of protecting the revolution from enemies within France.
Reign of Terror • Most members of the National Convention were a part of the Jacobins, a radical revolutionary group (Meaning: They wanted a lot of changes). • From this group, Maximilien Robespierre gained power as the leader of the Committee of Public Safety in mid 1793. • He later became the dictator of France and set up an unlimited government.
This was called the Reign of Terror because 25,000-40,000 enemies of the revolution were executed on the guillotine. • Most killed were nobles, but this also included the King and Queen.
The Directory • Members of the National Convention feared for their own lives, so they executed Robespierre in July 1794. • After this, a more conservative (people that didn’t support many changes) government took over called the Directory. • The Directory ruled for four years and included five men.
Governments throughout the French Revolution Absolute monarchy National Assembly Legislative Assembly National Convention Directory Napoleon’s Empire
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte • While the Directory was in power, a man named Napoleon Bonaparte was making a name for himself in the French army. • People stopped supporting the Directory, so Napoleon staged a coup d'état, or government takeover, and took the title of First Consul. • This was the official end of the French Revolution. • Napoleon set up a national banking system, an efficient taxation system, and ended government corruption.
Napoleon also restored the position of the Catholic Church and this ended up making the people support him even more. • He wrote a system of laws called the Napoleonic Code. • In 1804, Napoleon crowned himself emperor of France. • By 1812, Napoleon controlled most of Europe. • He did this by fighting wars, known as the Napoleonic Wars, across Europe. The wars began after he declared himself emperor.
He began sending his armies in to conquer neighboring countries in Europe and was successful most of the time. • The French Empire extended from France into parts of the English Channel and to Russia. • Napoleon was never able to conquer Britain and Russia.
The Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte • Beginning in 1812, Napoleon made three mistakes that led to his downfall: • The blockade of Britain (Continental System)-Napoleon cut off access to Britain to keep them from making money-it didn’t work. • The Peninsular War-lasted a long time and Napoleon could never fully conquer Spain and Portugal • Invasion of Russia-France was unprepared and lost almost their entire army
In 1814, Napoleon surrendered the throne and was exiled to the island of Elba. • He escaped in 1815, gathered his allies, and in what was known as the Hundred Days, he tried one more time to regain power. • He lost his final battle in Waterloo, Belgium and was exiled to the island of St. Helena where he died.
The Effects of Napoleon’s Rule • The effects of the Napoleonic Wars was the development and spread of nationalism and other revolutions in Europe. • As Napoleon’s armies were conquering other nations, his soldiers started spreading ideas of the Enlightenment, changes of government, and revolution.
These ideas ended up leading to Napoleon’s defeat because people realized they wanted limited government. • Napoleon’s armies even backed revolutions in the lands they were conquering. • At the same time, Napoleon was trying to force French customs and culture and this caused people to despise him and be more loyal to their countries. • Therefore, nationalism began to develop and spread.
Nationalism: the belief that one’s greatest loyalty is to a shared culture (common history, religion, language, etc.) rather than to a leader or border • People across Europe used an idea from the French Revolution to call for freedom—”Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”
Congress of Vienna • After Napoleon’s final defeat, representatives from across Europe met at what was called the Congress of Vienna. • At this meeting, they reestablished a balance of power (Meaning: The restored all lands taken by Napoleon to their rightful nation and put monarchs back on the thrones of these nations.) • Even after this, people still desired more freedoms and limited governments.
Nationalist Movements • Nationalist movements spread across Europe after 1815. This means that the citizens of nations were desiring a change. • These people leading these movements were liberals and radicals (people wanting changes). • There were two types of nationalist movements: • Unification: people of common culture from different states being joined together • Separation: groups that broke away from their current government to form one that more represented their interests.
Nationalist movements began in the Balkan Region with the nation of Greece in 1821. • Greece rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and won with the help of Britain, France, and Russia in 1830. • Other revolutions occurred in Belgium, Italy, and Russia, but they were crushed by the 1830s. • Revolutions began to spread across Europe in 1848—most were put down except in France.
Changes in France • Charles X (10th) had tried to set up an absolute monarchy but was unsuccessful. • He was replaced by Louis-Philippe. He ruled for a while but people stopped supporting him so he was overthrown in favor of a republic (where a leader is voted on). • A president was elected named Louis-Napoleon (Napoleon’s nephew). • He later took the title Emperor Napoleon III and he stabilized and industrialized France.
Nationalism in Germany • Germany had a unification movement. • The German Confederation was made up of 39 states. • Austria and Prussia were the largest and most powerful. • Prussia had a powerful army and wanted to unify these states into one Germany. • Prussia’s king was Wilhelm I and he was supported by a group known as the Junkers.
Wilhelm I appointed Otto von Bismarck, a Junker, as the Prime Minister of Prussia. • Bismarck took full control of Prussia and ruled under a policy called “realpolitik” (politics of reality). • He said that decisions would be made by blood and iron instead of speeches.
There were 3 wars to unify Germany. • Austria and Prussia formed an alliance to take land from Denmark. Prussia and Austria won. • Prussia turned on Austria, leading to the Seven Weeks War. Prussia won. • Bismarck changed the wording of the Ems Telegram, a document in which he made it seem that King Wilhelm I had insulted the French ambassador to Prussia. He published the telegram and France got mad and declared war. Napoleon III was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War. • German unification was complete.
Nationalism in Italy • Italy had a unification movement. • Count Camillo di Cavour led the unification of the northern Italian states. • The kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was the largest and most powerful. • Cavour won land from Austria in northern Italy.
Giuseppe Garibaldi, leader of the Red Shirts, led unification movements in the south by capturing Sicily. • Cavour convinced Garibaldi to unite the north and south. • In 1860, King Victor Emmanuel II began leading the united Italy with Rome as the Capital.
Changes on the European Map • Four short wars were fought between 1859 and 1871. • This redrew the map of Europe because of German and Italian unification. • After this time, for about 40 years, Europe remained fairly peaceful.
Latin American Revolutions • Revolutions in Haiti, Mexico, and South America were inspired by the American Revolution, revolutions in Europe, the Enlightenment, and the spread of nationalism. • The main reason for a lot of these revolutions was due to the social class structures in Latin America.
