Chapter 11: Industrial Revolution Notes

1. Chapter 11: Industrial Revolution Notes

2. Free Enterprise and Factories • Industrial Rev.=Machines replace hand tools • Factories begin to replace farm work • Factory System- workers and machines under one roof • Factories need to be built near water for power • People leave farms for jobs- cities grow

3. Factories come to New England -First Spinning Mill- built by Samuel Slater in RI -Often employed kids, low wages -New England=Best area for factories • Fast moving streams for water power • Access to ocean for shipping • Good labor force • Textile mills spread throughout New England

4. Lowell Mills Hire Women • Francis Lowell builds a factory in Massachusetts to spin cotton into yarn and weave into cloth • Built an entire town (Lowell) to support factory • Hired young farm girls to work in factories • 12 ½ hour days, dangerous conditions • By 1830s factories run by steam so don’t need to be located by a river any more

5. A New Way to Manufacture • Eli Whitney- hired by gov. to make 10,000 muskets- used to be made one at a time • Interchangeable parts- make lots of parts exactly alike and then assemble products • Sped up production, repairs easier, use of lower paid, less skilled workers • Quantity vs. Quality?

6. Moving People, Goods, and Messages • Steamboats= faster water transportation • River cities like New Orleans and St. Louis grow and prosper • Robert Fulton- Clermont (Fulton’s Folly) Steam powered- paddle wheels on both sides • Henry Shreve- back paddle- Mississippi upstream! • Samuel Morse- telegraph- 1837- communications in seconds- not weeks!

7. Technology Improves Farming • John Deere- IMPROVED steel plow • Cyrus McCormick’s Reaper to cut grain • Threshing machine- separates grain • Midwest becomes “bread basket” to feed eastern factory workers who no longer live on farms • Textile mills increase demand for Southern cotton- leads to increase in slavery

8. The Cotton Boom • Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin- cleans cotton • Cleaning by hand- 1 pound per day • Cleaning using gin- 50 pounds a day! • Results of Cotton Gin: • Expansion of cotton West • Cotton exports increase • Native Americans driven West • Slavery increases in numbers and importance

9. Slavery Expands • As cotton production rises so does number of slaves • Need to produce more cotton to feed increased demand of NE textile mills • Slave prices increase- 1830s a Male Slave avg. $1000

10. Slavery Divides the South • 1840- 1/3 whites owned slaves • 1/10 of these owned 20 or more slaves • Majority of farmers don’t own slaves but still support slavery because it helped economy • Hoped to own a large farm and slaves • Slavery had become necessary to increase profits

11. African Americans in the South • 1/3 of population are slaves • ½ work on plantations • Others are servants, craftsman, factory workers • 8% are free African Americans- could be freed by owner, bought own freedom • Still couldn’t vote, go to school, faced discrimination and danger of recapture

12. Finding Strength in Religion • Masters stressed Bible stories about being obedient • Slaves liked stories about freedom • Moses leading Hebrews out of Egypt • Spirituals- religious songs often contained coded messages about escape

13. Families Under Slavery • Many families split up and sold • Married- but not legal • Most children lived with mother until working age- could be sold

14. Slave Rebellions • Armed Rebellion- Nat Turner and 70 followers killed 55 whites • Turner was hanged as an example, 200 African Americans killed as revenge • New laws: African Americans can’t buy guns, no meetings unless whites present • Tension between North and South Increase

15. Nationalism Unites the Country • Nationalism- feeling of pride,loyalty, protectiveness towards country • Plan to make U.S. self-sufficient • American System by Madison/Clay: • Protective Tariff (tax on foreign goods) • Establish National Bank and currency • Improve Transportation

16. Roads and Canals Link Cities • National Road- Maryland to Illinois • Farm products W to E • Factory products E to W • Trains: 1830= 30 miles of track; 1850= 9000 mi • Age of Canals • Erie: NYC to Buffalo • Ohio and Great Lakes Regions

17. The Era of Good Feelings -1816- James Monroe president -Federalist Party disappears -More loyalty to National Gov., less to States -McCulloch v. Maryland- states could not tax a National Bank -Gibbons v. Ogden- interstate commerce regulated by the national gov.

18. Settling National Boundaries • Rush-Bagot Agreement- limits U.S. and British Naval forces in the Great Lakes • Convention of 1818- 49th parallel is set as the U.S./Canadian Border • Disputes w/Spain on Louisiana Territory and Spain • Monroe sends Andrew Jackson to stop Native American problems in FL- he claims it all for the U.S. • Adams-Onis Treaty- Spain gives up claim to FL and Orgeon territory to U.S.

19. Sectional Tensions Increase • Sectionalism- loyalty to own region region rather than nation as a whole • South- cotton, plantations, slavery • North- manufacturing, trading • West- food farming, cheap land • Missouri applies for statehood as a slave state • Would upset the balance of 11 free vs. 11 slave states- what to do???

20. Missouri Compromise • Argued in Congress for a month • How to maintain N vs. S balance? • Henry Clay- compromise proposed: Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine admitted as a free state • Slavery banned in Louisiana Territory- North of a line at 36 degree parallel

21. Missouri Compromise

22. Monroe Doctrine • Americas are declared closed to further European colonization • Warned Europe to stay out of our business, and promised U.S. would stay out of their affairs • Established U.S. as a world power and protector of Latin and South America