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This overview explores the early Native American societies that thrived in North America before the arrival of Europeans in 1492. It highlights significant cultures such as the Aztecs, Incas, and various North American tribes like the Hohokam, Anasazi, and Iroquois. We delve into their innovations, societal structures, and contributions, including advanced agricultural practices, intricate trade networks, and unique dwelling designs. The cultural diversity and complexity of these societies laid the foundation for the rich tapestry of Native American history.
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Chapter 1 Notes The World Before the Opening of the Atlantic
Essential Question • What early Native Americans societies existed North America prior to 1492, and what were their contributions?
ANSWER • EARLIEST CULTURES • Aztec – around A.D. 1168 moved into central Mexico • Built a large city, empire, and trading network Inca – were in South America • built their empire in the Andes Mountains • Used 64,000 miles of roads in the mountains to connect their empire Hohokum – were in the American Southwest • watered their crops through irrigation systems • Protected themselves from the heat by burying their houses partially underground Anasazi – built pueblos into cliffsides to protect themselves from the weather and attack • invented pueblos, which are homes made of adobe, or dried straw and mud bricks, or cut stones Adena, Hopewell, and Mississippi – lived in the Ohio River Valley • were cultures that developed mound-building • Built burial mounds (like the Serpent Mound in Ohio) to honor their dead.
ANSWER • North American Cultures • FAR NORTH • Inuit and Aleut - survived by fishing and hunting animals like seals and whales - used kayaks, or one-person canoes made of animal skins - lived in igloos, or homes made of blocks of ice. • BELOW THE FAR NORTH - Athapascan and Algonquian - made homes of animal skins - followed the caribou herds for food
ANSWER • NORTHWEST COAST - used fishing, hunting and gathering, and trading to live - built houses out of evergreen trees - carved images of totems, or ancestor or animal spirits, on tall poles from trees - held potlatches, or ceremonies in which the richest members of the tribe would give away most of their goods to their neighbors. • SOUTHWEST - Pueblo - worked with very little water - used irrigation to water their crops - hunted game, gathered plants - held religious events in kivas, or circular ceremonial rooms. • GREAT PLAINS - hunted buffalo - some built tepees for shelter, others used pole frames and grasses - Pawnee had a matrilineal society, or family lines that are traced through the mother
ANSWER • SOUTHEAST - Natives farmed, hunted and gathered, fished, and traded - lived in matrilineal village - village councils were the government - Natchez – ruled by religious leaders • NORTHEAST - farmed in the summer - followed herds in the winter - lived in villages - wigwams, or circular houses, or large lodges were used to live in - women controlled Iroquois society - harvesting crops, farming, and raising the children was done by women - men traded and hunted - Iroquois lived in longhouses, or rectangular dwellings constructed or tree bark and logs - Iroquois League was a political union of tribes that waged war and made peace as a groups with outside tribes
Terms from South Carolina The History of an American State • Prehistory is the time before people kept written records. • Artifacts are the remains of earlier people. • Anthropologists study the origin and development of man through artifacts. • Archaeologists are scientists who search for and study objects left behind by ancient peoples.
Migrate means to leave one place and to settle in another. • Nomads are wanderers who followed their food supply wherever it went. • Cultures are different ways of life. • Projectile points are sharpened rocks used for tools or hunting.
Rituals are a series of actions performed in ceremonies, such as religious ceremonies. • Palisades are fences of painted states that were 12-20 feet high that were placed around Indian villages for protection. • A hieroglyphic is a picture or symbol use to represent a sound, word, or idea.
Hominy was a mixture of corn, water,and lye that was cooked for four hours and then eaten. • A wigwam was a type of circular house.
Archaeology • __________ is the study of the unwritten past to understand early peoples.
Artifacts • …are objects made by people long ago.
__________ were the first Americans who, who moved into Alaska sometime between 50,000 and 10,000.
Migration • This movement of people from one area to another is known as __________.
Most Paleo-Indians were ____, people who hunt animals and gather wild pants to provide for their needs.
The __________ is the climates, land, plants, and animals that exist together.
Domestication • People learned to grow and breed wild plants and animals in a process called __________.
Maize • Paleo-Indians also grew ____, or corn.
Societies • __________are groups of people that share a culture.
Culture • A society’s ____ is made up of its common values and traditions.
Glyphs • Some early societies used a writing system of ____, which are symbols and images that represent ideas.
…is the land bridge that connected present-day Alaska with Siberia. Enabled the first Americans to cross into North America between 50,000 and 10,000 B.C.
…is an extremely fertile region made up of present-day Mexico and parts of Central America that was the home to the first Native American cultures. Also known as “middle” America.
Pop Quiz • What isarchaeology? • What is maize? • Who are the Paleo-Indians? • What is culture? • What are societies?
Pop Quiz • What are glyphs? • What is domestication? • What are environments? • Who are hunter-gatherers? • What is migration?
Pop Quiz • What is Beringia? • Where is Mesoamerica? • What are artifacts?
The Inuit and Aleut survived by hunting animals and fishing, often from ____, which were one-person canoes made of animal skins.
The Northwest Coast tribes used the plentiful evergreen trees to build houses and to carve images of ____, ancestor or animal spirits on tall poles.
… was where they would give away most of their goods to their neighbors.
The Pueblo held religious events in ____, which were ceremonial rooms.
This structure is made from paper birch. • Some Northeast tribes lived in villages, building large lodges or circular huts called ____.
The Iroquois lived in ____, which were rectangular dwellings made from logs and bark.
…was a political group of tribes that could wage war and make peace with other tribes.
Pop Quiz • What are potlatches? • What are longhouses? • What are kivas? • What are kayaks?
Pop Quiz • What are igloos? • What are totems? • What was the Iroquois League? • What are wigwams?
Viking leader ____ stared the first settlement in North America.
