1. Urban Geography Chapter 9

2. When and Why did People Start Living in Cities? Key Question:

3. Cities • City – a conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.

4. Urbanization: The buildup of the central city and the suburban realm – the city and the surrounding environs connected to the city.

5. Shenzhen, China Shenzhen changed from a fishing village to a major metropolitan area in just 25 years. 25 years ago, all of this land was duck ponds and rice paddies.

6. The First Urban Revolution

7. Agricultural Villages • Before urbanization, people often clustered in agricultural villages – a relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. About 10,000 years ago, people began living in agricultural villages

8. The First Urban Revolution Two components enable the formation of cities: 1. An agricultural surplus 2. Social stratification (a leadership class)

9. Five Hearths of Urbanization In each of these hearths, an agricultural surplus and social stratification created the conditions necessary for cities to form and be maintained.

10. Five Hearths of Urbanization • Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE • Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE • Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE • Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE • Mesoamerica, 200 BCE

11. Indus River Valley Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were two of the first cities of the Indus River Valley. - intricately planned - houses equal in size - no palaces - no monuments

12. Huang He and Wei River Valleys The Chinese purposefully planned their cities. - centered on a vertical structure - inner wall built around center - temples and palaces for the leadership class Terracotta Warriors guarding the tomb of the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang

13. Mesoamerica Mayan and Aztec Civilizations Many ancient cities were theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings.

14. Mesoamerica Between 300 and 900 CE, Altun Ha, Belize served as a thriving trade and distribution center for the Caribbean merchant canoe traffic.

15. Diffusion of Urbanization The Greek Cities by 500 BCE, Greeks were highly urbanized. • Network of more than 500 cities and towns • On the mainland and on islands • Each city had an acropolis and an agora

16. Diffusion of Urbanization The Roman Cities a system of cities and small towns, linked together with hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes. • Sites of Roman cities were typically for trade • A Roman city’s Forum combined the acropolis and agora into one space. • Roman cities had extreme wealth and extreme poverty (between 1/3 and 2/3s of empire’s population was enslaved)

17. Athens, Greece The Agora The Acropolis

18. Roman Empire

19. The Roman Forum Aqueducts in Nimes, France

20. During the mercantile era, the cities that thrived were embellished by wealthy merchant families, who built ornate mansions, patronized the arts, participated in city governments, and supported the reconstruction of city centers. Genoa, Italy

21. The Second Urban Revolution

22. The Second Urban Revolution A large scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing. Made possible by: 1. Second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus 2. Industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources

23. Industrialized regions of Europe, 1914

24. During the second half of the 20th century… Nature of manufacturing changed and locations changed, too. Many factories have been abandoned, creating “rust belts” out of once-thriving industrial districts. Duisburg, Germany

25. Where are Cities Located and Why? Key Question:

26. Site * Absolute location of a city * A city’s static location, often chosen for trade, defense, or religion. Situation * Relative location of a city * A city’s place in the region and the world around it. Site and Situation

27. Trade area – an adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant. AKA – Market area Trade area Green Country, Oklahoma

28. Central Place Theory Walter Christaller developed a model to predict how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) would be functionally and spatially distributed. Assumed: surface is flat with no physical barriers soil fertility is the same everywhere population and purchasing power are evenly distributed region has uniform transportation network from any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance

29. How are Cities Organized, and How do they Function? Key Question:

30. Urban Morphology The layout of a city, its physical form and structure. Berlin, Germany With wall (above) And without wall (right)

31. San Francisco—note the different ways the land is being used.

32. Functional Zonation The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain purposes (functions). Cairo, Egypt Central city (above) Housing projects (right) What does the functional zonation of the city tell us about the city?

33. Zones of the City • Central business district (CBD) • Central City (the CBD + older housing zones) • Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)

34. Modeling the North American City • Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess) • Sector model (Homer Hoyt) • Multiple Nuclei Model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

35. Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

36. Tysons Corners, Virginia Edge Cities Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, often with: - office complexes - shopping centers - hotels - restaurants - entertainment facilities - sports complexes

37. Urban Realms Model Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework.

38. Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery • Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) • African City (de Blij model) • Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

39. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) Plazas, favelas, public transportation

40. Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City

41. Disamenity sector –very poorest parts of the city eg. the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

42. The African City (de Blij model)

43. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

44. How do People Make Cities? Key Question:

45. Luanda, Angola Haves v. Have nots Powerful social and cultural forces shape the character of a city and create the cultural landscape of the city. Tokyo Middle class housing

46. Making Cities in the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery Sharp contrast between rich and poor - Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws Rio de Janeiro favela

47. Squatter settlement or favela—Rio De Janeiro

48. Business district of Calcutta

49. Residential area in Manila

50. Making Cities in the Global Core • Redlining – financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods. • Blockbusting – realtors purposefully sell a home at a low price to an African American and then solicit white residents to sell their homes and low prices, to generate “white flight.” St. Louis Housing Project, 1971