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Chapter 13

Chapter 13. Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century. p. 376. Prelude to Reformation. Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism Christian Humanists: Desiderius Erasmus (1466 – 1536) Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503)

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Chapter 13

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  1. Chapter 13 Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

  2. p. 376

  3. Prelude to Reformation • Christian or Northern Renaissance Humanism • Christian Humanists: • Desiderius Erasmus (1466 – 1536) • Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503) • “The Philosophy of Christ” was to let faith guide your life--it is not about dogmatic rituals. • The Praise of Folly (1511) • Wanted Reform within the Church, so he criticizes corrupt practices seen in society. • Thomas More(1478-1535) • Utopia (1516) • Imaginary society where cooperation and reason replace power, greed & fame.

  4. p. 378

  5. Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation • Church Corruption (Popes & activities) • Meaning of Salvation, Relics worship, Indulgences, Simony, and Celibacy • “Modern Devotion” movement • Thomas A Kempis – Imitation of Christ • People judges on how they lived their lives Clergy fails to Reform Church is making money, so reform is not an option worth looking into.

  6. Martin Luther & the Reformation in Germany • The Early Luther: • Law Student, becomes a monk after a lightning storm. • Doctorate in Theology (1512) • “Justification by Faith Alone” (salvation) • Primacy of the Bible as the sole religious authority and not a religious figure or institution • Johann Tetzel and the sale of Indulgences • The Ninety-Five Theses (1517) A list of grievances against the Church • Pamphlets (1520) • Address to the Nobility of the German Nation (calls for independence of German princes from the church) • The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (attacks five of the seven sacraments) • On the Freedom of a Christian Man (faith alone & not goods works) • Excommunication by the church (1521) for his heresy, summoned before the Diet of Worms, found guilty and a bounty placed on his head by the Edict of Worms.

  7. p. 381

  8. p. 383

  9. The Development of Lutheranism • Spread through Germany • The Elector of Saxony (Prince Frederick) protected Luther & wanted separation of church & state. • The Peasants’ War (1524) Social, political, and economic reasons not so much religious. • State Churches & New Religious Services: Baptism & Eucharist the only sacraments, bible is for everyone to read in the vernacular, minister is one in a priesthood of believers, ministers should get married.

  10. p. 384

  11. Chronology, p. 386

  12. Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519 – 1556) • Francis I of France (1515 – 1547) • Habsburg – Valois Wars (1521 – 1544) • Pope Clement VII (1523 – 1534) sides with Francis I for political reasons (bad move and Rome was sacked by the Habsburgs) • Germany’s fragmented political power: made it impossible to control all princes. • Peace of Augsburg (1555) • Division of Christianity acknowledged between Catholics and Protestants

  13. Chart 13-1, p. 386

  14. Map 13-1, p. 387

  15. p. 388

  16. Chronology, p. 389

  17. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation • The Zwinglian Reformation • Swiss Confederation • Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531) • Unrest in Zurich • Seeks alliance with German reformers • Like the Lutherans with one big exception, no transubstantiation (symbolic) only. • Swiss Civil War (1531) between Catholics & Protestants • Zwingli is killed.

  18. p. 389

  19. p. 390

  20. The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists • Church was a voluntary association of believers • Adult baptism only (understand the event) • Each church has its own minister (not women) • No Transubstantiation (symbolic only) • Pacifists • Separation of Church and State • Anabaptists persecuted • Menno Simons (1496 – 1561) • Separation from the World • Mennonites

  21. The Reformation in England • Henry VIII (1509 – 1547) • Catherine of Aragón (First Wife) • Mary I • Henry seeks to dissolve marriage • Anne Boleyn (Second Wife) • Elizabeth I • Act of Supremacy (1534) • Thomas Cramner, Archbishop of Canterbury • Edward VI (1547 – 1553) • Mary I, “Bloody Mary” (1553 – 1558) • Intends to restore Catholicism to England • Alliance with Spain • Marriage to Phillip II

  22. p. 394

  23. John Calvin and the Development of Calvinism • John Calvin (1509 – 1564) • Institutes of Christian Religion (1536) • Predestination (God is omnipotent and knows who is saved and who is not) • Calvinism: militant form of Protestantism • Two Sacraments: • Baptism • The Lord’s Supper • Geneva • Ecclesiastical Ordinances (church gov.) • Consistory (moral committee—yikes!)

  24. p. 395

  25. Chronology, p. 395

  26. The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation • The Family • Marriage and Sex • Positive family relationships • Women’s Roles • Women left with few alternatives in Protestantism • Religions Practices and Popular Culture • Changes in Religious Practices • Changes in forms of entertainment

  27. p. 398

  28. The Catholic Reformation • The Society of Jesus • Ignatius of Loyola (1491 – 1556) • The Spiritual Exercises • Jesuits recognized as a religious order (1540) • Absolute obedience to the papacy • Three major objectives of Jesuits • Education crucial to combating Protestantism • Propagation of Catholic faith among non-Catholics • Fight Protestantism

  29. Map 13-2, p. 399

  30. p. 401

  31. A Revived Papacy • Pope Paul III (1534 – 1549) • Reform Commission (1535 – 1537) • Recognized Jesuits • Council of Trent: • Kept: Both Faith & good works, Church sole authority on religious matters, seven Sacraments, transubstantiation, celibacy • Dropped: Simony & Indulgences • Roman Inquisition (1542) • Pope Paul IV (1555 – 1559) • Index of Forbidden Books

  32. Chronology, p. 402

  33. Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century • The French Wars of Religion (1562 – 1598) • Huguenots • Conversion of the 40 – 50 percent of French nobility • The Ultra Catholics • Revolts against the monarchy • The Politiques (politics before religion) • Henry IV of Navarre (1589 – 1610) • Converts to Catholicism to become king • Edict of Nantes (1598)

  34. Chronology, p. 403

  35. p. 404

  36. Philip II and the Cause of Militant Catholicism • Philip II of Spain (1556 – 1598) • Importance of Catholicism in Spain “To be Spanish is to be Catholic” • The Holy League • Battle of Lepanto (1571) which resulted in a victory over Turkish Muslims on Cyprus in the east Mediterranean.

  37. p. 405

  38. Chronology, p. 406

  39. Map 13-3, p. 406

  40. The Revolt of the Netherlands • Philip tries to strengthen his control • Resentment against Philip • Calvinists • William of Nassau, Prince of Orange • United Provinces of the Netherlands (1581)

  41. p. 407

  42. The England of Elizabeth • Queen Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) • Act of Supremacy (Anglican Church) • Religious Toleration (Politique) • Foreign Policy: • Increase influence in Americas • Conflict with Spain over English piracy and help to Netherlands • The Spanish Armada (1588) • Spanish became a second rate power and England the navel power of the world.

  43. p. 409

  44. Timeline, p. 411

  45. Discussion Questions • How did the failings of the Catholic Church lead to the Reformation? • What were Martin Luther’s complaints against the Church? • What was John Calvin’s ideas of “Predestination”? • How and why did Henry VIII break away from Rome? • How did the Catholic Church react to the Reformation? Was it effective? • What troubles did Philip II of Spain have to confront during his reign and how successful was he in dealing with them?

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