Earthquakes By Caleb Matthews 5/6N

1. Earthquakes By Caleb Matthews 5/6N

2. What is an Earthquake? Earthquakes are tremors of the Earth caused by tectonic plates passing by each other. This triggers a reaction on the Earth’s crust causing the crust to move violently. Earthquakes usually destroy many things.

3. Diagram Epicentre Earth’s crust Tectonic plate Tectonic plate Tectonic plate

4. Map of Earthquakes

5. Flow Chart Key Tectonic plate Vibration Earth’s crust Tectonic activity (vibration) Ground vibration Tectonic activity Tectonic activity (no vibration) Ground cracking Crack Gap ADD TO DEATH TOLL Destruction Aftershocks (most times) Tsunami Volcanic Landslide/ eruption Mudslide

6. Effects of an Earthquake Earthquakes can have a huge effect on your life and others. For example you could lose family members homes and all your belongings depending on the magnitude of the Earthquake. Earthquakes can destroy buildings , trees and dreams. Sometimes, depending on the magnitude of the Earthquake, they can cause Landslides/Mudslides. One of the most common killers of people in Earthquake is aftershocks, because people think that the Earthquakes over and go back into buildings which can collapse because of aftershocks. They can destroy trees they have an effect on the environment because our supply of oxygen gets cut down .

7. How can humans Predict or detect Earthquakes? Humans can detect Earthquakes by using a Seismograph. A seismograph is a tool that measures the size of an Earthquake. A seismograph is planted into the ground, attached to the top of it is a string hanging down there is a weight, which has a pen attached to it. When an Earthquake occurs the string moves which makes the pen draw the magnitude of the Earthquake down onto a piece of paper on a rotating drum. Humans can predict the major earthquake by the seismic movement before the major one occurs.

8. Major Earthquakes in the 20th century 1905 Kangra, India 1988 Armenia Reaching 8.3 on the Richter scale, this Between 25 000-45 000 people were devastating earthquake claimed 357 000 killed when an 6.9 strong earthquake lives. occurred. 1906 San Francisco 1989 Los Angeles The aftermath, rather that the actual Even though only 67 people were earthquake, which measured 8.3, caused killed, this earthquake caused most of the 700 deaths, while leaving the city widespread damage. It measured 7.1 in ruins. on the Richter scale. 1964 Anchorage, Alaska 1990 Iran An earthquake measuring 8.5 caused the In Northwest Iran, an earthquake deaths of 114 people. The effects of the measuring 7.7 caused the deaths of earthquake were felt over an area of 830 40 000 people. 000 square kilometres. 1992 Flores, Indonesia 1985 Mexico City 2500 people died as the result of an 7000 people were killed when an earthquake earthquake measuring 7.5 on the measuring 8.1 devastated the city. Richter scale, occurring on the island of Flores.

9. Major Earthquakes in the 20th century (continued) 1993 India estimated 5000 and injured at least 1500. A In southwestern India, an earthquake quake occurring earlier that year on occurred in which 13 000 people were February 4 in the same area, killed killed. It measured 6.4 on the Richter scale. approximately 2300 people. 1994 Northridge, California 1999 Western Colombia In January 61 people died when a 6.7 scale 1124 people were killed and 4000 injured in a earthquake hit the area. strong earthquake in and around the city of 1995 Kobe, Japan Armenia, measuring 6.0 about 250 000 A devastating earthquake of 7.2 magnitude people were left homeless and the city was hit Kobe causing the deaths of about 1800 plagued by looting and violence among People. desperate survivors. 1997 Northwestern Iran 1999 Turkey A severe earthquake measuring 7.1 on the On August 17, approximately 15 400 people Richter scale left more than 1500 people were killed when an earthquake struck the dead and at least 4460 injured. industrial cit of Izmit in Turkey. Thousands 1997 Northwestern Afghanistanwere left injured and homeless and several In May, with a magnitude of 7.1, an aftershocks occurred. earthquake and aftershocks killed an

10. Major Earthquakes in the 20th century (continued 2) 1999 Taiwan In September, a quake registering 7.6 on the Richter scale struck the Nantou and Taichung counties of Taiwan. The earthquakes caused $US 3.2 billion worth of damage, with approximately 1720 people losing their lives. 2004 Sumatra, Indonesia A massive undersea earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter scale, devastated the Asian region. Over 275 000 people were killed by the tsunamis that were caused by this earthquake. The magnitude of the earthquake was originally recorded as 9.0 on the Richter scale, but has been upgraded to between 9.1 and 9.3.

11. EXTRA INFORMATION Disaster Aid: When natural disasters strike there are non-profit organisations helping the places effected by sending rescue equipment to them by plane and helicopter. Depending on the amount of donations they get, depends on what type of package can deliver, for $800 they can deliver a family survival pack, for $1,000 they can deliver a first aid station complete with tent, tables, chairs and first aid supplies, for $2,500 they can deliver a school complete with 4 inter-connecting tents and education supplies and rucksacks for a teacher and up to 80 school children, for $5,000 they can deliver a water purification system delivering up to 10,000 litres of clean water daily, which is enough for a village, hospital and school. Christchurch earthquake:On 14th September 2010 an earthquake struck the New Zealand city of Christchurch at 4.35am with a magnitude of 7.1 destroying many things. Volunteers from the U.S army in Hawaii have offered to help clean up the rubble, but were turned down because local authorities say they have it under control. Things are not going to turn around though, strong winds up to 130kmh and rain have been forecast for the next couple of days. Sanitation facilities and clean water supplies are low. People have been asked to stay away from buildings from risk of aftershocks. The Ministry of Education is not sitting around saying that schools may be reopening on 6th September depending on aftershocks. The damage of the earthquake has been estimated to be $2 billion. My reason for why the earthquake occurred is because New Zealand is very close to a fault line.