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Human Evolution

This chapter delves into the evolution of primates, highlighting their adaptation to arboreal lifestyles with specialized physical traits such as flexible joints, mobile hands, and overlapping fields of vision. It explores the uniqueness of apes, including their social structures and advanced behaviors, as well as the evolutionary journey of humans from a common ancestor with chimpanzees. Key developments such as bipedalism, tool-making, and the emergence of agriculture and industrialization illustrate how humans have shaped their environment and culture over millions of years.

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Human Evolution

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  1. Human Evolution CHAPTER 19

  2. 19.1 primates • Primates -Lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes • Adapted for a arboreal (in trees) lifestyle • Limber shoulder and hip joints for moving in trees • Mobile and sensitive hands and feet • Overlapping fields of vision for depth perception • Extensive parental care

  3. Apes • Gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans • No tail • Opposable thumbs • Large brain, complex behavior • Social organization • Chimps use sign language, raid other chimp family groups, and make simple tools

  4. 19.3 Human family tree • Humans and chimps diverged from a common ancestor 5 to 7 million years ago • Derived traits • Bipedal, shorter jaw, larger brain, language, symbolic thought, manufacture and use of complex tools • Hominids- more human like than ape like

  5. Bipedalism • Evolved before increase in brain size • “Lucy” – fossilized hominid – 3 million years old • Australopithecus afarensis • Skeleton was 40% complete • 1 meter tall • Head the size of a softball • Was clearly bipedal

  6. Hominids with larger brains • Homo habilis “Handy Man”- created sharp stone tools • Homo erectus – first to migrate out of Africa • Neanderthal Man-fossils found in Europe

  7. Modern man • Capable of symbolic thought as evidenced by art and other artifacts • Cro- Magnon Man

  8. 19.9 Human Culture • Pass on accumulated knowledge, customs, beliefs, art, and other products by means of written and spoken language • Culture has allowed humans to overcome physical limitations and alter nature

  9. 19.10 Hunter/Gatherer • Earliest hominids were hunter/scavenger/gatherers • Tool manufacture allowed for more efficient hunting • Division of labor

  10. 19.11 Agriculture • People settled in one place and began growing crops and domesticating animals • Led to population increases, food surplus, and accumulation of wealth • Not all people in a community had to grow food and other occupations and interests developed

  11. 19.12 Industrialization • Use of complex tools, machines and technology has industrialized our culture • Has allowed for even greater population growth due to • Better sanitation • Better nutrition • Better healthcare • As a result we have caused significant changes to the earth’s surface

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