1. Human Evolution Neanderthals and Us

2. 350 – 30 kya – H. Neanderthalensis • AKA Neanderthals • Europe, central and northern Asia • Shorter limbs, wide ribcage, larger noses • Height 5’7” • Brain 1200-1900 cc (larger than AMH)

3. Very closely related to AMH • Stronger than AMH, especially arms and hands • Range of hair colours, many red or blonde haired, with light skin • Good eyesight, possibly better than AMH • Same gait as AMH • Evidence of language use • **Same intelligence as AMH**

4. Made advanced tools, such as quartz handaxes, 3-sided picks, stone cleavers • Dugout boats – sailed Mediterranean as early as 99 kya • Buried dead • Created cave art • Evidence of self-adornment • Apex predators – hunted deer, reindeer, ibex, boar, aurochs, mammoth, elephant, rhino • Used fire to cook vegetables

5. Complex social groups similar to H. sapiens • Evidence of trade between groups, and with H. sapiens • Built shelters • In Moldova – building made of mammoth skulls, jaw bones, tusks, leg bones had 25 hearths inside

6. Extinction • Recent DNA testing has shown evidence of some interbreeding of H. sapiens and Neanderthals, outside of Africa • 1-4% of the DNA of non-Africans was passed down from Neanderthal ancestors • Those individuals and groups who were not absorbed into H. sapiens populations likely died out after a brief period of rapid climate change • Food became more scarce, and Neanderthals required more calories to survive than H. sapiens

7. 200 kya – present – H. Sapiens • Extinct subspecies? – H. sapiens idualtu • 160 kya • Ethiopia • Brain - 1450 cc • VERY few fossils, so not much known; many argue they are not actually a different group from H. sapiens sapiens

8. H. Sapiens Sapiens • AKA “wise man” • Started in Africa, but later moved throughout the world

9. Blue eyes, dark hair, olive complexion • Light skin does not appear until 6 – 12 kya • Height • Early – 5’7” – 5’9” • Modern range - 4’7” – 6’3” • Brain • Early average – 1600 cc • Modern range - 950-1800 cc • At first, culture essentially the same as Neanderthals, including signs of behavioral modernity