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Protein Synthesis

Protein Synthesis. 3 major processes: Replication → DNA copied to form 2 new DNA molecules Nucleus Transcription → DNA info copied to RNA Nucleus Translation → building a protein according to RNA instructions Cytoplasm. DNA Replication. DNA Replication.

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Protein Synthesis

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  1. Protein Synthesis • 3 major processes: • Replication→ DNA copied to form 2 new DNA molecules • Nucleus • Transcription → DNAinfo copied to RNA • Nucleus • Translation → buildinga protein according toRNA instructions • Cytoplasm

  2. DNA Replication

  3. DNA Replication • DNA Replication = DNA  DNA • Parent DNA makes 2 exact copies of DNA • Occurs in nucleus • Why?? • Occurs in Cell Cycle before MITOSIS so each new cell can have its own FULL copy of DNA

  4. Models of DNA Replication http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meselson.html

  5. Segments of single-stranded DNA are called template strands. Copied strand is called the complement strand (think “c” for copy) BEGINNING OF DNA REPLICATION (INITIATION) • DNA helicase (think “helix”) • binds to the DNA at the replication fork (origin of replication) • DNA strand separates into TWO • untwist (“unzips”) DNA using energy from ATP by breaking hydrogen bonds between base pairs at several places along the segments of DNA  called “origins of replication” • Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBP) • stabilize the single-stranded template DNA during the process so they don’t bond back together.

  6. DNA Polymerase • DNA Polymerase- adds nucleotides to the DNA strandsmakes POLYNUCLEOTIDES (1st function)

  7. Helicase unzips the DNA molecule DNA Polymerase adds nucleotides to create two NEW identical daughter molecules (A to T) and (G to C)

  8. Complementary bases match up • Two new strands are formed • A with T • C with G

  9. Elongation Antiparallel nature: • Sugar (3’end)/phosphate (5’ end) backbone runs in opposite directions • one strand runs 5’  3’, • other runs 3’  5’ • DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides at the free 3’ end of NEW STRANDforming new DNA strands in the 5’  3’ direction only!!!

  10. DNA Replication (Elongation) After SSBP’s bind to each template… • Primase • primase is required for DNA synthesis • Like a “key” for a car ignition • makes a short RNA primers • Short pieces of RNA needed for DNA synthesis • DNA polymerase • adds nucleotides to RNA primer  makes POLYNUCLEOTIDES (1st function) • After all nucleotides are added to compliment strand… • RNA primeris removed and replaced with DNA by DNApolymerase (2nd function) • DNA ligase • “seals” the gaps in DNA • Connects DNA pieces by making phosphodiester bonds

  11. Elongation (con’t) • Leading (daughter) strand • NEW strand made toward the replication fork (only in 5’ 3’ direction from the 3’ 5’ template strand • NeedsONERNA primer made by Primase • This new leading strand is made CONTINOUSLY

  12. Elongation (con’t) Lagging (daughter) strand • NEW strand synthesis away from replication fork • Replicate DISCONTINUOUSLY • Creates Okazaki fragments • Short pieces of DNA • Okazaki fragments joined by DNA ligase • “Stitches” fragments together • NeedsMANY RNA primer made by Primase

  13. Supercoiled DNA relaxed by gyrase & unwound by helicase + proteins: 5’ Okazaki Fragments SSB Proteins 1 DNA Polymerase ATP 2 3 Lagging strand Helicase 3’ primase base pairs 5’ DNA Polymerase RNA primer replaced by DNA Polymerase & gap is sealed by DNA ligase 5’  3’ RNA Primer Leading strand 3’

  14. Why Replication again? DNA replication is necessary to create identical copies of DNA so it can be passed onto a new cell (cell division & reproduction)

  15. Summary

  16. Accuracy of Replication • Very low mistake rate (1/billion!) because cells have enzymes (like DNA Polymerase) that proofread, recognize, and fix mistakes! • HOWEVER, mistakes can happen  MUTATIONS (cancer)

  17. Mistakes Made during DNA Replication • Mutation • Change in DNA (genetic material) • Frameshift(s) • extra or missing base(s). • Substitutions • when the wrong nucleotide is incorporated (mismatch mutation). • Deletions • Nucleotides are deleted shortening the DNA

  18. Review: What is DNA replication? A new sugar-phosphate backbone is made for each new strand Base pairs are added Two strands are created in place of the original strand

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