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Mutations

Mutations. Let’s review what we previously learned about Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis. DNA codes for mRNA, mRNA carries the information needed for the synthesis of coded proteins in the ribosomes.

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Mutations

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  1. Mutations

  2. Let’s review what we previously learned about Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis • DNA codes for mRNA, • mRNA carries the information needed for the synthesis of coded proteins in the ribosomes. • tRNA is the go-for that brings the amino acids to the ribosomes to make the protein).

  3. Does this process ever make a mistake? • Have you ever had to copy a large amount of information? • What is the likelihood of you making a mistake or more? • What could cause these changes?

  4. Mutation Changes in genetic material 1. Gene Mutations: alters one or more genes 2. Chromosomal Mutations: alter the entire chromosome or a portion of it.

  5. GENE MUTATIONS a. Point Mutations – affect only one amino acid b. Frameshift mutations – May affect an entire amino acid sequence.

  6. Point mutation • involves a change in one or a few nucleotides. • Influences a single amino acid in the polypeptide change. Caused by a substitution of a Nitrogen base.

  7. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT • Take out “C” in Cat & substitute a “B” • THE FAT BAT ATE THE RAT • Does not really change the meaning to the sentence or the protein formed

  8. If DNA reads: A T G G T C G A T T G G CAA • mRNA: U A C C A G C U A AC C GUU • Amino Acid: Tyrosine - Glutamine – Leucine -Threonine – Valine • But if mRNA: U A C C A G C A A AC C GUU • The AA: Tyrosine – Glutamine – Glutamine – Threonine – Valine

  9. Frameshift mutation • involves a change in the entire protein formed or a large portion of it. • Caused by insertions (additions) or deletions of Nitrogen bases.

  10. THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT • Take out “E” in THE & group into 3’s • THF ATC ATA TET HER AT_ This makes no sense at all!!

  11. If DNA reads: A T G G T C G A T T G G CAA • mRNA: U A C C A G C U A AC C GUU • AA: Tyrosine - Glutamine – Leucine -Threonine – Valine • BUT if mRNA: U A C C A G U A A C C G U U _ • THEN Amino Acid: Tyrosine - Glutamine – STOP!!!! • The entire sentence makes no sense. The protein formed would be totally different

  12. So which form of a mutation would be more severe? • Frameshift mutation … since an entirely new protein would be formed

  13. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS • involve changes in number and structure of the chromosomes. • Could change location of genes on the chromosomes or the number of copies of some of the genes.

  14. Deletions – part of a chromosome is missing Duplications – Extra copies of genes are inserted • Inversions – Reverse direction of parts of the chromosome Chromosomal Mutations animation

  15. Translocations Parts of one non-homologous chromosome breaks off and attached onto another non-homologous chromosome

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