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3-4. PV hybrid systems within mini-grid

3-4. PV hybrid systems within mini-grid. 3-4-1. System configuration. Wind. PV panel. Biomass. Micro-hydro. Inverter. Genset ( runs for only a few hours per day ). PCS. Isolated, low voltage AC distribution systems. For a village (10 – 500kW).

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3-4. PV hybrid systems within mini-grid

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  1. 3-4. PV hybrid systems within mini-grid

  2. 3-4-1. System configuration Wind PV panel Biomass Micro-hydro Inverter Genset (runs for only a few hours per day) PCS Isolated, low voltage AC distribution systems For a village (10 – 500kW) Delivers the power to the households and common equipments through a grid Battery

  3. 3-4-2.Examples (1) Installed in 2004 at Noyon, Mongolia by NEDO (Sharp) 3 phase AC for school, hospital, government office and residential houses 200kW PV, 2 * 1,000Ah battery, 3 * 100kW gensets To realize suitable load dispatching for 3 gensets Source: NEDO

  4. 3-4-2.Examples (1) Power center 100kW PC SL1 Diesel generator #1 - #3 Generation 19,009kWh Generation 28,477kWh Charging 5,796kWh Battery #1 PC SL2 Generation 28,850kWh Charging 4,318kWh Battery #2 Wee hours Daytime Nighttime Hospital 40kW PC SL3 AM PM Generation 7,274kWh Total power supply 95,299kWh School 40kW PC SL5 Generation 7,176kWh PC SL6 Sum center 10kW Generation 2,570kWh PC SL4 Communication center 10kW Supply from PV Charge to battery Generation 2,091kWh Supply from genset Supply from battery Operation pattern Source: NEDO

  5. 3-4-2. Examples (1) • Key point in Operation • Rational use of generated power • Awareness of energy conservation • Use of high energy efficiency appliances • Reasonable tariff system • Avoid no charge and/or fixed price • Charge it on consumed energy • Fairness on charge collection system • Development/improvement of distribution system Source: NEDO

  6. 3-4-2. Examples (2) Installed in 2006 at Udomsai, Lao by NEDO (TEPCO+IEEJ) 200V AC for 10 villages (approx 900 houses, 5,000 peoples) 100kW PV, 80kW micro-hydro, 8 * 7.5kW pumps Instead of battery, use pumped storage system Source: NEDO

  7. 3-4-2. Examples (2) System configuration Transformer 10 Villages, 900 households, 5,000 peoples Upper dam PV array (100kW) Dummy load governor Upper reservoir Spillway Lifting pump (7.5kW * 8 ) Mini hydro (80kW) Lower reservoir Source: NEDO

  8. 3-4-2.Examples (2) Operation pattern Pattern 1 Pump up at daytime, generation by mini-hydro at nighttime Pattern 2 Pattern 1 + generation by river-in-flow Pattern 3 Pattern 2 + pump up at light load hours in night Pattern 4 Load dispatching by PV and mini-hydro Source: NEDO

  9. 3-4-3. Other power source: Genset

  10. 3-4-3.Other power source: Genset 112 160 100 140 76 Fuel consumption (%) Fuel consumption ratio (%) 120 56 100 39 80 75 100 110 25 50 Output (%) • Fuel consumption vs output of diesel generator • High fuel consumption ratio under 50% output

  11. 3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro Features • Environmental friendliness • Clean energy contributing global warming • Short construction time and easy maintenance • Regional vitalization • Reduction of running cost at existing water facility • More reliable energy source than PV or Wind Source: NEDO

  12. 3-4-4.Other power source: Micro-hydro • Utilize water flow and head (potential energy) • Generated power = gravitational-const. x flow x head • How to utilize water • Run-off • Reservoir (for seasonal operation) • Pondage (for daily operation) • Pumped storage • How to get head • Channel type • Dam type • Dam and channel type • Special type for Mini-hydro • Direct installation at gate/weir • Alternative to pressure regulator Source: NEDO

  13. 3-4-4.Other power source: Micro-hydro Source: NEDO

  14. 3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro Source: NEDO

  15. 3-4-4.Other power source: Micro-hydro Source: NEDO

  16. 3-4-4.Other power source: Micro-hydro • Possible application

  17. 3-4-4.Other power source: Micro-hydro • Possible application

  18. 3-4-4.Other power source: Micro-hydro • Possible application

  19. 3-4-4.Other power source: Micro-hydro Gate Generator Sand prevention dam Water intake Water channel Generator house • Example of direct installation Example of installation at sand prevention dam

  20. 3-4-4.Other power source: Micro-hydro Purification plant Generator Head Water flow Distribution reservoir Existing pressure regulator • Egasaki control room, Water works dept of Kawasaki city • Water source: Piping for city water • Utilization of head at water piping • Max available head: 36.09m [118.4ft] • Horizontal propeller hydraulic turbine (2 sets) • Water flow: 0.6m3/s　[21.2 ft3/s] • Output: 170kW(max), 90kW(normal) • Expected energy generated: 540,000kWh/year Source: Kawasaki city

  21. 3-4-5.Other power source: Biomass energy Features • Stock-able fuel • Clean energy • Carbon neutral • Low NOX and SOX emission • Carbon dioxide absorption via tree planting • Renewable energy to realize recycling society • Contribution to job creation and/or industry revitalization • Vitalization of agricultural community Source: NEDO

  22. 3-4-5.Other power source: Biomass energy • Biomass resources

  23. 3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy • Biomass processing

  24. 3-4-5.Other power source: Biomass energy Silo Lumber mill Scrap wood Power to factory load Power to other load Turbine/ generator Boiler • Direct combustion system for woody material Source: NEDO

  25. 3-4-5.Other power source: Biomass energy Hawking unit Gasification unit Slide gate Electric cylinder Engine generator Belt conveyer Gasifyer Heat recovery unit Electric valve Electric valve Electric cylinder Rostle oscillating unit Waste gas combustion unit Automatic igniter Propane gas bottle Bypass Control panel Auxiliary panel On/Off signal • Gasification generation system for woody material Source: NEDO

  26. 3-4-5.Other power source: Biomass energy • Typical example of furnace Rotary kiln Stoker furnace Source: NEDO

  27. 3-4-5.Other power source: Biomass energy Yagi bio ecology center Generator Fermenter, gas holder • Yagi bio ecology center Source: NEDO

  28. 3-4-5.Other power source: Biomass energy Digestive gas Fremen- ter Liquid fertilizer Digestion tank Digestion bath Cow dung, pig dung, straw, sawdust Bean curd refuse Gas holder Surplus gas combustion Hydro extractor Dehydrated cake Raw water tank Receiving tank Compost Hot water boiler (backup) Gas holder Waste water treatment (Existing) Hot water Desulferization Digestive gas Generator Waste water treatment Effluent to river Power Digestive juice Fremen- ter Reuse Digestion tank • Yagi bio ecology center Source: NEDO

  29. 3-4-6.Other power source: Wind power Features • Clean energy • No carbon dioxide emission • Domestic energy resource • Renewable energy • Most economical among new energy resources • Stable generation cost • Awareness for energy and global warming issue • Contribution to local region Source: NEDO

  30. 3-4-6.Other power source: Wind power Up wind Horizontal axis Propeller Down wind Sail wing Propeller Sail wing Horizontal axis Lift type Holland type Multi-bladed Holland type Multi-bladed Windmill Vertical axis Darrieus Lift type Straight wing Vertical axis Sabonius type Straight wing Darrieus Puddle Drag type Cross-flow Puddle Sabonius type S-shaped rotor S-shaped rotor Cross-flow Source: NEDO

  31. 3-4-6.Other power source: Wind power Source: NEDO

  32. 3-4-6.Other power source: Wind power Blade Anemovane Nacelle Hub Generator Console Report Drive train axis Rotor axis Monitoring system Brake system Speed-up gear Yaw drive unit Distribution line Tower Protection system Display board Power conversion system Transformer Communication line Controller Power pole Foundation Source: NEDO

  33. 3-4-6.Other power source: Wind power 3 phase AC (power freq.) Induction generator Speed-up gear Rotor (fixed speed) (a) AC link (Induction generator) 3 phase AC (control freq.) 3 phase AC (power freq.) Converter Inverter 3 phase AC (power freq.) Induction generator Speed-up gear Rotor (variable speed) (b) DC link (Induction generator) 3 phase AC (control freq.) 3 phase AC (power freq.) DC Synchronous generator Converter Inverter Rotor (variable speed) (c) DC link (Synchronous generator) Source: NEDO

  34. 3-4-7.Planning & design System, equip. spec., supplier, capacity, supply characteristics, reliability, cost and so on. Survey of various REN Concept design of the system Demand characteristics, energy cost, electricity tariff REN main unit, inverter, grid connection, battery, env. measure Investigation of target site Determination of equipment spec. Estimate supplied power and energy Estimate project cost Generation cost, distribution cost, cash flow Determine operation pattern Estimate maintenance cost Estimate total running cost Analyze cost/benefit Effect on environmental protection Effect on energy conservation Implementation

  35. 3-4-7.Check list on planning (1) • Concept and purpose • For what? • Purposed should be shared among concerned parties. • Where? • In existing facility or not? Exact location. • What load? • Characteristics and size of load. Enough space for installed equipment? • Which system? • Isolated or grid-connected? With battery or not? • When and how much? • Construction schedule and cost. Can it be available?

  36. 3-4-7. Planning & design • Output fluctuation of REN • Effect on voltage and frequency • Traditional generator absorbs fluctuation of load, but REN generates fluctuation. • Without output adjustable power source, it’s very difficult to keep voltage and frequency. • Measures • Measures at each REN • Hybrid with other power source • Use of battery system • Use of dummy load

  37. 3-4-7.Planning & design • How to have power source for base load • Requirement • Reliability • Power controllability • Low generation cost • Can REN be a base power source? • Micro-hydro: Possible, if stable flow exists. • Wind: Low reliability. But wind firm may be. • PV: No, because of daytime only • Biomass: Possible, if stable fuel supply exists.

  38. 3-4-7.Planning & design • Combination of various REN

  39. 3-4-7.Planning & design • Hybrid of REN (without genset) • Improve reliability • Complementary combination: • Enlarge storage reservoir • Improve power controllability and realize output smoothing • Not one big REN, but many small REN • Common-use of electrical equipment

  40. 3-4-7.Planning & design of micro-hydro • Concept design of micro-hydro • Layout of major engineering structure • Identify head • Investigate information of water flow • Design of max water consumption • Basic design of major engineering structure • Civil • Electrical

  41. 3-4-7.Planning & design of wind power • Concept design • Site selection • Investigate information of wind condition • Investigate surrounding natural and social condition • Basic design • Detail survey of wind condition • Wind measurement (point, method) • Analysis of measured data • Simulation • Evaluation  Finalize point and capacity • Environmental assessment • Land and soil survey

  42. 3-4-7.Planning & design of biomass energy • Concept design • Identify biomass resource • Cost • Supply stability • How to collect biomass? • In-house, collection, delivered • Investigation of plant size • Amount of biomass resource, area, demand • How to use energy (power, heat) • Reuse/disposal of by-product (dust, sludge, effluent…)

  43. 3-4-7.Check list on planning (2) • Project team • Establish team and assign project manager • How to select the designer? • What is bidding strategy of construction work? • How can we maintain and manage the system?

  44. 3-4-7.Check list on planning (3) • Site survey • Ambient environment • Any obstacles to receive energy resources? • Shadow of building, tree, mountain, stack, utility pole, steel tower, sign board and so on. • Effect of fallen leaves and sand dust, snow cover (depth and frequency) • Salt and/or lightning damage, wind condition – collect all the possible obstacles • Installed site • Shape, width, direction, drainage, condition of foundation, volume of construction work, carry-in route, Waterproof of the building, effect on landscape • Electrical facility • Existing diagram and plot plan, space availability, wiring route and space carry-in route

  45. 3-4-7. Check list on planning (4) • Preliminary consultation • Local authority – Construction work, fire department, necessity of permission • Available subsidy • Information collection from expert/consultants • Concept check • Is it firm concept? Site, load, system size and configuration • Is schedule fixed? • Is budget made based on expected generation output and its cost?

  46. 3-4-7.Check list on design (5) • Reconfirmation of design condition • Firm policy? – For what? Where? How big? How is the system? When? How much? • Constraints – Ambient environment, Site condition, existing electrical equipment, regulation, necessary procedure • Design • Direction and angle of PV panel – maximize output under the given condition • Array configuration and its installation • Foundation, mounting frame, waterproof, intensity calculation • Material, antirust and anti-corrosion of mounting frame material • Compliance with regulation • In accordance with the project purpose • Established schedule, expected result and project cost. • Application • Subsidy • Application for local authority • Design check • Fixed detail design, budget, construction schedule? • Finish all the necessary application? • Completed adequate bidding?

  47. 3-4-8.Operation & maintenance • Load forecasting is most important. • Aim to full utilize PV power. • Reserve battery energy for emergency case. • Adjust charge/discharge energy in accordance with varying load. Daytime: Battery charge by REN source Nighttime: Battery discharge for load Investigate charge/discharge time Calculate required battery capacity Source: NEDO

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