1. Joints and Bone Injuries

2. Articular System • Series of joints that allow for movement of the human body • Joint articulation • Two bones come into contact • May be immoveable, slightly moveable, or freely moveable • Arthrology is the study of joint structure and function • Types of joints • Synarthroses – immovable • Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable • Diarthroses – freely moveable

3. Synarthroses • Lack a synovial cavity • Held together by fibrous connective tissue • Sutures • Ex. Joints between skull bones • Fuse together after birth

4. Syndesmoses • Connected by ligaments are very slightly moveable • Ex. between the tibia and the fibula

5. Gomphoses • Joint which a conical process fits into a socket and is held by ligaments • ex. teeth held to the jaw bones

6. Amphiarthroses • Connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage • Ex. Ribs connected to sternum • Ex. Between pubic bones

7. Diarthroses(synovial joints) • Ends of bones are covered with articular cartilage and separated by the joint cavity • Within joint is a capsule • Outer layer is made of ligaments • Inner layer is a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid for lubrication

9. Types of Diarthrosesjoints • Pivot joint • Bone moves around a central axis • Ex. joint between the radius and ulna of the lower arm

10. Gliding joint • Bones move in a sliding motion • Ex. between the carpals in the hand

11. Hinge joint • Allows only flexion and extension • Ex. the knee and elbow

12. Condyloid or ellipsoidal joint • Bones can move in many directions but cannot rotate • Ex. between the metatarsals and the phalanges

13. Saddle joint • Two bones have both concave and convex regions • Allows the thumb to touch each of the fingertips • Ex. the thumb

14. Ball – and – socket joint • Bone’s rounded end fits into a concave cavity on another bone • Provides the widest range of motion possible • Ex. femur connecting to the hip bones

15. Joint Injuries Subluxation • Occurs when bone displaces, then returns to normal position Dislocation • Occurs when significant force displaces bone so that the two bone ends in a joint no longer add up

16. JointMovements

17. Movements of Diarthroses • Flexion • Extension • Hyperextension • Abduction • Adduction • Rotation • Circumduction • Supination • Pronation • Plantar flexion • Dorsiflexion • Inversion • Eversion • Protraction • Retraction • Elevation • Depression • Internal Rotation • External Rotation • Radial Deviation • Ulnar Deviation • Opposition

18. Flexion/Extension • Flexion • Decreases the angle between 2 bones • Extension • Increases the angle between two bones

19. Hyperextension • Movement that increases the angle between two bones extends beyond the normal range of motion

20. Abduction/Adduction • Abduction • Describes movements of the limbs only • The limb moves away from the midline of the body • Adduction • Describes movements of the limbs only • The limb moves toward from the midline of the body

21. Abduction/Adduction

22. Rotation • Movement that occurs when a bone turns on its axis toward or away from the midline of the body, in the limbs, or between the 1st and 2nd vertebrae of the spine • Circumduction • The ability of a limb to move in a circular path around an axis

24. Supination • The action of turning the palm upward • Performed by lateral rotation of the forearm • Pronation • The action of turning the palm downward • Performed by medial rotation of the forearm

25. Supination/Pronation

26. Foot: Dorsal/Plantar

27. Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion • Plantar Flexion • Movement that extends the foot • Pointing toes downwards • Dorsiflexion • Movement that flexes the foot • Brings toes up toward the lower leg

28. Plantar Flexion/Dorsiflexion

29. Inversion • Movement that turns the sole of the foot medially • Eversion • Movement that turns the sole of the foot laterally

30. Inversion/Eversion

31. Protraction/Retraction • Protraction • Moving the body part forward • Retraction • Moving the body part backward • Both movements occur in the transverse plane • Only performed with the shoulder and mandible

32. Protraction/Retraction

33. Elevation/Depression • Elevation • Movement that lifts the body part superiorly • Depression • Movement of the body part inferiorly • Elevation and Depression occur in the frontal plane

34. Elevation/Depression

35. Internal/External Rotation • Internal rotation • Movement that occurs when the anterior surface moves toward the midline • aka medial rotation • External rotation • Movement that occurs when the anterior surface moves away from the midline • aka lateral rotation

36. Internal/External Rotation

37. Hip Internal Rotation

38. Hand Movements • Radial Deviation • Hand moves laterally towards the thumb side • Ulnar Deviation • Hand moves medially toward the little finger • Opposition • Moves the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers

39. Hand Movements

43. Joints of Upper Extremity • Shoulder Joint • Glenohumeral • Sternoclavicular • Acromioclavicular • Elbow Joint • Radiohumeral • Humeroulnar • Radioulnar • Wrist • Radiocarpal • Intercarpal • Carpalmetacarpal • Hand • Intermetacarpal • Metacarpalphalangeal • Interphalangeal

44. Shoulder • Glenohumeral • Sternoclavicular • Acromioclavicular Glenohumeral joint

45. shoulder

46. Elbow • Radiohumeral • Humeroulnar • Radioulnar

47. Wrist • Radiocarpal • Intercarpal • Carpalmetacarpal

48. Hand • Intermetacarpal • Metacarpalphalangeal • Interphalangeal

49. Joints of Lower Extremity • Sacroiliac • Acetabulofemoral • Patellofemoral • Tibiofemoral • Tibiofibular • Ankle/Foot • Talocural • Subtalar • Intertarsal • Tarsometatarsal • Intermetatarsal • Metatasophalangel • Interphalangeal

50. Sacroiliac joint