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Chapter 13: Urban Patterns

Discover the unique features of downtown areas, from CBD land uses to urban structures and sustainability challenges in cities. Learn about central city dynamics and urban expansion models worldwide.

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Chapter 13: Urban Patterns

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  1. Chapter 13: Urban Patterns Unit 6

  2. Why Are Downtowns Distinctive • Central City • Urban area • Metropolitan Area and census data

  3. Why Are Downtowns Distinctive? • CBD land uses • Central business districts (CBDs) • Public Services • Business services in the CBD • Retail services in the CBD • Retailers with a high threshold • Retailers with a high range • Retailers serving downtown workers

  4. Why Are Downtowns Distinctive? • Competition for land in the CBD • Activities excluded from the CBD • Lack of industry in the CBD • Modern factories require large, one-story parcels of land • Lack of residents in the CBD • Push and pull factors involved • CBDs outside North America • High land costs • Some of the most expensive real estate in the world • Intensive land use • Underground areas • Skyscrapers • “Vertical geography”

  5. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? • Models of urban structure • Are used to explain where people live in cities • Three models, all developed where? Why this city? • Concentric zone model • Sector model • Multiple nuclei model

  6. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?

  7. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?

  8. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas?

  9. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? • Applying the models in North America • Models can be used to show where different social groups live in the cities • Census tracts • Social area analysis • Criticism of the models • Models may be too simple • Models may be outdated

  10. Where Are People Distributed in Urban Areas? • Applying the models outside North America • European cities • Less developed countries • Precolonial vs. Colonial cities • Squatter settlements/informal settlement

  11. Why Do Urban Areas Expand? • Suburb—residential/commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city • Why would someone want to live in a suburb? • Annexation based on laws of states • Less common today, why? • Local government fragmentation • Consolidations of city and county governments • Federations • Smart growth

  12. Why Do Urban Areas Expand? • Suburban sprawl • Peripheral Model • Density Gradient • Megalopolis

  13. Why Do Urban Areas Expand? • Suburban Segregation • Social class and land use • Residential segregation • Zoning laws • Public transit in the U.S. • Rush hour and commuting • Public transportation vs. driving alone • Public transit abroad • Reliance on Motor Vehicles

  14. Why Do Cities Face Sustainability Challenges? • Inner-city social issues • The underclass • Inadequate job skills • Culture of poverty • Homelessness • Drugs • Crime • Inadequate services • Municipal finances

  15. Why Do Cities Face Sustainability Challenges? • Inner-city physical issues • Most significant = deteriorating housing • Filtering • Redlining • Urban renewal • Gentrification • Public housing

  16. Why Do Cities Face Sustainability Challenges? • The city cleaned and controlled • Sustainable development • 3 key elements to success • Controlling vehicles • Alternative fuel vehicles

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