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Growth and Development

Growth and Development. Principles of Growth & Development. occur in an orderly sequence occur continuously but rates vary- growth spurts highly individualized rate from child to child vary @ different ages for specific structures process involving the whole child. Growth patterns.

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Growth and Development

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  1. Growth and Development

  2. Principles of Growth & Development • occur in an orderly sequence • occur continuously but rates vary- growth spurts • highly individualized rate from child to child • vary @ different ages for specific structures • process involving the whole child

  3. Growth patterns • Cephalocaudal • Proximo-distal • Prehensile

  4. Periods of greatest growth • fetus • birth • infancy • puberty

  5. Factors that Influence Growth and Development • Genetics • Environment • Culture • Nutrition • Health Status • Family

  6. Genetic influences on growth and development • pattern, rate, rhythm and extent: • governed by genes interplaying with environment • intrauterine life extremely important in growth and healthy development of the child

  7. Understanding the genetic link • Genes defined • Chromosome • Autosomes • Sex Chromosomes • In 2000: Genome project : one of the most imp single findings of mankind

  8. Genetic screening • Done during the 1st trimester of pregnancy • Methods: • blood studies from parents check carrier status • measure level of alphafetoprotein (AFP) in mother’s blood for incomplete development of brain or spinal cord: suggestive of neural tube defect (spina bifida)

  9. genetic screening, cont. • later in pregnancy: • amniocentesis: @ l2-l6 weeks • chorionic villa sampling: @ l0-11 weeks • role of the genetic counselor

  10. Examples of environmental influences on a child • family composition • family position in society • family socioeconomic status • knowledge of the family • availability of healthy diets • housing • diseases present in family and child

  11. Cultural influences • Must be considered when assessing growth and development • Customs vs. work demands from different cultures

  12. Nutritional influences • Begins during the prenatal period • LBW/preterm can result from poor prenatal nutrition • Socio-economics may impact growth

  13. Health status of the child • Certain diseases may affect g & d • Endocrine and cardiac status included here

  14. Family relationships and the impact on child growth and development • Critical in growth and development, esp. emotional growth • Intellectual growth must be included here as well • Chronic illness can be combated with a loving environment and close family relationships

  15. Charts Baseline over time Xrays Teeth Height, wt, FOC Length of bones Growth and development:measures

  16. Intellectual Development • review material on Piaget • Assimilation • Accommodation • Reflect on the process of habituation and its possible role as a predictor of intelligence

  17. Growth of Emotions • Emotion defined • All emotions contain: • feelings • impulses • physiological responses • reactions (internal and external) • Subjective data: • Objective data:

  18. Emotions, cont. • Love: • includes persons who help them meet their needs, share their pleasure and achievements • when the child receives love, he can give love

  19. Emotions, cont. • Fear: • exhibited by crying, running, or hiding • fear can diminish; do not laugh-give love and help them feel safe

  20. Anger, cont. • Ways in which anger may be displayed: • shouting • screaming • acts of disobedience • temper tantrums • act out when…. • act better when….

  21. Jealousy • A combination of anger, fear, and love • A child 1st loves something, counts it as his own and 2nd perceives that it has been taken away or interfered with • The loss may be real or perceived, ie., sibling rivalry

  22. Emotions, summarized • Emotions will come out one way or another • How can the nurse help the child respond constructively to these feelings?

  23. Types of play • Solitary • Parallel • Associative • Cooperative • Onlooker

  24. Stages of play • Practice play • Symbolic play • Games

  25. Functions of Play • Physical Development • Cognitive Development • Emotional Development • Social Development • Moral Development

  26. Dental needs of the child • Deciduous teeth (primary teeth) begin to be lost around age 6 • Early childhood caries (ECC) • By age 2, full set of teeth

  27. Discipline styles that work in the healthcare setting • CLEAR • C: • L: • E: • A: • R:

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