Europe after Congress of Vienna, 1815

1. Europe after Congress of Vienna, 1815

2. Question for Thought • How did the French Revolution shape the political debates between conservatives, liberal reformers, and social revolutionaries after 1815? • Connections between Romanticism as a cultural movement and the emergence of new forms of Nationalism?

3. 1820s & 1830s, cont. • Greek revolution against Turks, 1822 • (joined by GB, France, and Russia) • Belguim against the Netherlands for Independence, 1830 • Flew Tricolor flag • Drew support of other states

4. More Revolts • Revolts against the Restoration • “Troppau Memorandum” (1820) • Decembrists against Czar Nicholas

5. 1848 • Each country’s conflict unique, but all consciously emulated revolutionary tradition • Spurred by famine in 1846-- lack of grain drove up prices • Democratic culture and national aspirations

6. No matter how small, it would include non-Germans.No matter how large, it would also exclude some Germans.

7. France, 1848 • France & the bourgeois banquet (which was cancelled) • The July Monarchy changed to the Second Republic, led by Alphonse de Lamartine. Gov’t included both moderates and radicals • Fighting for “Right to Work” instead of “Right to Property”-- a new social nexus

8. Prussia,1848 • Kaiser Wilhelm IV responded to uprisings with military force • March 1848: Kaiser responds to revolutionary crowds by retreating troops and promising a national assembly • “Frankfurt Assembly”: 800 middle class intellectuals and lawyers

9. Germany, 1848 German national aspirations had two complications • non-German minorities lived in German states (Poles, Czechs, Slavs, Italian, Dutch) • “Germans” in other states (Austria, Russian Poland, and more)

10. Italian Nationalism • Guisseppe Mazzini led nationalist revolution, assisted by Puis XI. • Fall 1849, militarily repressed

11. Metternich resigned on March 13, 1848 “Europe, sire, is involved in a crisis which much exceeds the bounds of political movements. It is a crisis in the social body. I foresaw the event; I have combatted it consistently during a ministry of well-nigh forty years. To check the torrent is no longer within the power of man. It can only be guided. My efforts have been in vain. And as I so not know how to steer a middle course, or to remain in a situation repugnant to my moral sense, I have retired from the scene. Too advanced I years to hope to witness the events which may ultimately, according to my views, put an end to the present crisis, it only remains for me to offer to my master and to my country the good wishes which I shall not cease to entertain for their inseparable happiness…. Condescend, sire, to retain a kind of remembrance of me and permit me to assure you of the most profound respect. I remain, your Majesty, etc., etc., Metternich Prince M’s letter to the king of Austria

12. 1848 revolutions failed. How and why? • No lasting constitutions • irreconcilable split between moderates and radicals (liberals vs. democrats) • Property triumphed over work. Prince Louis Napoleon elected in Dec. 1848 • nationalist/ethnic partitions impossible as repressive gov’t maintained empire and feudalism

13. Nation-Building and Imperialism • Nation-Building within Europe • Expanding borders to other lands

14. France • Napoleon III: Elected president of Second Republic in Dec. 1848. Created Second Empire in 1851 through a coup d’état Created “Second Empire” -Went thru phases of authoritarianism and Liberal allowances.

15. Nation-Building, 1850–1914 (a new phase) • Changed Nation: Britain • Changed Nation: France • New Nations: Italian Unification • New Nations: German Unification

16. Unification of Italy: Another consequence of Franco-Prussian War

17. Germany / Prussia • A vacuum of leadership: assemblymen couldn’t agree • Revolutions continued: peasants ransacked tax offices, workers smashed machines • Social clubs proliferated-- considered universal suffrage to be too radical

18. German Unification • Kaiser Wilhelm I, two-house parliament (1858) • Expanded army, removed it from parliamentary control • Appointed minister-president Otto von Bismarck (1962)

19. Unification of Germany

20. Otto von Bismarckp. 187 in the book • Fierce opponent of liberal politics • Realpolitik : power was more important than “justice” or “freedom” • Prussia should seize the opportunity to unify diverse lands of Germany • Bismarck unified Germany under Prussian authority alone through war (1860)

21. nationalities of Austria-Hungary, 1867

22. Multilingual street scenes from Germany

23. Franco-Prussian War: Causes

24. Paris Commune, 1870demands: • the separation of church and state; • the remission of rents owed for the entire period of the siege (during which, payment had been suspended); • the abolition of night work in the hundreds of Paris bakeries; • the granting of pensions to the unmarried companions and children of National Guards killed on active service; • the postponement of commercial debt obligations, and the abolition of interest on the debts; and • the right of employees to take over and run an enterprise if it were deserted by its owner; the Commune, nonetheless, recognized the previous owner's right to compensation.

25. Images from the Siege Period • http://digital.library.northwestern.edu/siege/

26. Franco-Prussian War(1870-71)

27. Europe after Franco-Prussian War

28. Britain: No Revolutions • 1867: Benjamin Disraeli increased British Electorate toward “genuine democracy” • Gladstone: introduced secret ballot. Oxford and Cambridge would be open to all denominations (1868)

30. BritainEmpire • Imperialism in Britain focused on Christianity, Civilization, and Commerce • Document focus: White Man’s Burden, Kipling

31. Civilizing Missions

32. Theodore Gericault The Raft of the Medusa 1818-19

33. Napoleon wrote, “This Europe of ours is a molehill. Only in the East, where 600 million human beings live, is it possible to found great empires and realize great revolutions.”

34. Orientalism • Europeans cast the Orient as a contrasting mirror for their own societies

35. Delacroix, Women of Algiers (1934)

36. Suggestions for the division of people

37. Partitions of Africa between 1870 and 1914

38. Map Study Understanding European Map