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CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815

CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815. LED BY PRINCE KLEMENS VON METTERNICH PURPOSE Restore Europe to its pre-1789 status quo CREATION OF CONCERT OF EUROPE Peacetime alliance Periodic summit meeting to work out difference Military intervention to put down revolution or to prevent revolutionary outbreak

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CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815

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  1. CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1815 • LED BY PRINCE KLEMENS VON METTERNICH • PURPOSE • Restore Europe to its pre-1789 status quo • CREATION OF CONCERT OF EUROPE • Peacetime alliance • Periodic summit meeting to work out difference • Military intervention to put down revolution or to prevent revolutionary outbreak • CONGRESS SET UP SYSTEM DESIGNED TO DESTROY MEMORY OF FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE IDEAS AND PRINCIPLES IT HAD UNLEASHED

  2. REVOLUTION OF 1830 • CHARLES X • Stupid • Refused to compromise with reality of French Revolution • Provoked uprising in Paris • THREE GLORIOUS DAYS – JULY 1830 • Charles X forced to flee to England Charles X

  3. THE JULY MONARCHY • Middle Class selects Louis Philippe as new “King of the French” • Related to Bourbon royal family but sympathetic to middle class Selected over opposition of common people who wanted a Republic • Constitutional monarchy with more liberal monarch • News of July Revolution in France sparks revolts elsewhere • Lesson: artificial status quo set up by Congress of Vienna could be successfully challenged, given the right circumstances Louis Philippe, 1830-1848

  4. OPPOSITION TO THE JULY MONARCHY • GROWING OPPOSITION TO JULY MONARCHY • Too favorable to middle class • Workers (many socialists due to ill-effects of early Industrial Revolution) • Republicans (young college students who favored republican form of government) • Peasants remain apathetic and even hostile to socialists • BANQUET CAMPAIGN • Way to mobilize support given lack of other legal means

  5. REVOLUTION AGAIN • OUTBREAK OF REVOLUTION IN PARIS IN FEBRUARY 1848 • Promoted by government cancellation of big banquet in Paris • February 23-24 • Louis Philippe forced to flee to England

  6. THE SECOND REPUBLIC • Republicans establish Provisional Government • Run France until constitutional convention was elected and did its job • Contained several socialist members • Problem: Republic will not survive without support of peasants, who were hostile to socialists • Result: socialists squeezed out of government and socialist programs abandoned

  7. TROUBLE • JUNE DAYS • Socialist workers in Paris rise up to halt slipping position • Crushed in one week • Destroys socialists as a political factor for 20 years • NEW CONSTITUTION IMPLEMENTED • Universal manhood suffrage • Elected president (one 7 year term) • Single house legislature (800 members)

  8. LOUIS NAPOLEON BONAPARTE • PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION • Louis Napoleon Bonaparte wins landslide victory • December 1848 • Uses presidential office to become sole ruler of France • COUP D’ETAT OF DECEMBER 1851 • Uses troops to disband legislature and proclaim himself Prince President for Life • Proclaimed himself emperor one year later–NAPOLEON III

  9. SECOND EMPIRE, 1851-1870 • France enjoyed prosperity – otherwise, a disaster • Manipulated political system • Adventurous and foolhardy foreign policy • Franco-Prussian War of 1870 • Defeat and capture of Napoleon III • September 4, 1870 – Second Empire overthrown

  10. BIRTH OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC • March – May 1871 Paris Commune • The Third Republic • Parliamentary regime with most power concentrated in the lower house of a two-house legislature • Plagued by instability and scandal • 1871-1940

  11. 1848 IN THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE • NEWS FROM PARIS SPARKS REVOLT IN VIENNA • INDEPENDENCE REVOLTS ERUPT IN HUNGARY, BOHEMIA, AND ITALY • DIVISIONS AMONG REVOLUTIONARIES ALLOW CONSERVATIVES TO SUCCESSFULLY COUNTERATTACK • EMPIRE ATTEMPTS SEVERAL ADMINISTRATIVE REORGANIZATIONS AFTER 1849 • DUAL MONARCHY (1867) • REMAINS REACTIONARY AND ARCHAIC

  12. CREATION OF ITALY • LED BY KINGDOM OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA • CAMILLO DI CAVOUR • ENERGETIC AND CLEVER • EMPLOYED WHATEVER WOULD WORK • DIPLOMACY • CLEVER MANUEVERS • WAR • KINGDOM OF ITALY CREATED BY 1870 • UNITED AND INDEPENDENT KINGDOM OF ITALY NEVER LIVES UP TO HOPE

  13. GERMANY IN 1848 • SPARKED BY NEWS FROM PARIS • REVOLTS IN MANY GERMAN CAPITALS—INCLUDING BERLIN • FORMATION OF FRANKFURT ASSEMBLY • DIVISIONS AMONG REVOLUTIONARIES AND MEMBERS OF ASSEMBLY ALLOW CONSERVATIVES TO COUNTERATTACK • REVOLUTION DEAD IN GERMANY BY 1849

  14. CREATION OF THE SECOND REICH • UNIFICATION MOVEMENT LED BY PRUSSIA • OTTO VON BISMARCK • BLOOD AND IRON • War with Denmark (1864) • War with Austrian Empire (1866) • Franco-Prussian War (1870) • JANUARY 1871—SECOND REICH ESTABLISHED • Constitutional monarchy on surface • Old-fashioned monarchy underneath • Most powerful state in Europe by 1914

  15. SUMMARY • Revolutions of 1848 proved system devised by Congress of Vienna was dead • But the Revolutions cannot be considered an unqualified success • Basic reason for failure was lack of unity within revolutionary movements • Alliance of middle-class republicans and socialist workers • Cooperated as long as they had a common goal • Unity collapsed once goal had been attained • Became divided over what to do next • Unable to resist conservative counterattacks

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