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FC. 104 THE ROOTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

Growing awareness of & anger vs. injustices in Fr. soc. & govt. Serious crop failures in France in 1780s. British goods flood French Markets. Nobles’ power & status rise in 1700s under weak kings. Spread of Enlightenment ideas on liberty & democracy.

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FC. 104 THE ROOTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

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  1. Growing awareness of & anger vs. injustices in Fr. soc. & govt Serious crop failures in France in 1780s British goods flood French Markets Nobles’ power & status rise in 1700s under weak kings Spread of Enlightenment ideas on liberty & democracy Fr. MC invest in noble titles rather than new tech & businesses Need, means, & justification for strong French monarchy in 1600s FC. 104 THE ROOTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Divine right to justify kings’ power (FC.68) $ Kings can buy bur’s & armies (FC.79) Fr. torn by Relig. wars (FC.87) Chronic wars vs. Hasburgs (FC.79) Louis XIV’s wars & Versailles drive Fr. into debt (FC. 95) Ind. Rev in Britain (FC.111) Outdated agric. tech’s (FC.109) Wars & weak reigns of Louis XV (1715-74) & Louis XVI (1774-92) drive Fr. deeper into debt (FC.103) Male literacy up to ~50% by 1780s Fr. Gov. fails to stifle Enlightenment ideas (FC.100) Growing discontent French Rev.in 1789 when Louis XIV calls Estates General to raise more taxes (FC.105)

  2. Despite turmoil, Rev. also frees more radical Jacobins, who take power in 1793, to think & act in new innovative ways Thermidorean Reaction overthrows Jacobins Conservative Directory  Temporary relief from Rev. turmoil, but also corruption Rev. starts moderately  Good & bad points: Severe measures to restore order: Controlled econ. & Reign of Terror Nationalism  French feel they are defending their own land Jacobins save France by July, 1794 but Reign of terror Cycle of paranoia< More terror It seems more acceptable since it’s not too radical a change Can’t take the drastic measures needed to solve the crisis Internal turmoil Fr’s neighbors decl. war to stop rev. from spreading Confusion, frustration & turmoil caused by the transition b/w types of govt.  More radical Girondins take over Military defeats FC. 105 THE COURSE OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION (1789-1871) (FC.105A) (FC.105A) (FC.105B) (FC.105B) CRISIS STAGE OF THE REVOLUTION CRISIS STAGE OF THE REVOLUTION Milit. crisis  Universal draft  huge armies using new tactics (FC105D) (FC.105C) (FC.105C) Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power, takes over most of Eur Inadvertently spreads rev’s ideas before his fall in 1815 (FC.106) Fr. undergoes 2 more cycles of monarchy & rev’s (1830 & 1848 Napoleon III seizes power (1851) & develops Fr’s econ. Literate Mid. Cl. That can sustain real democ. (FC.108) Nap. III replaced by 3rd Republic after his defeat in Franco-Prussian War (1871) Stable democ. (FC.121)

  3. Frees men to create powerful new symbols & ideas, such as nationalism, to unite the French people More loyalty & enthusiasm from the soldiers who feel they are defending their own nation Forces the revolution to draft large numbers of men to fill ranks & face revolts & France’s numerous enemies The revolution frees men to think & act in new ways & create innovative solutions to military problems facing France Fr. Officers, who have risen through ranks when nobles left Use tactics pioneered before the revolution Harder to train & supply than smaller more disciplined armies of major European powers Let French soldiers forage for food, since their nationalist loyalty will keep most of them from deserting French armies are more mobile since they are not tied down by cumbersome supply lines New tactics, such as massed artillery fire & attacking in column Tight discipline less needed than before French armies can breath through thin enemy lines still using pre-revolutionary linear tactics New tactics save France vs. armies of 1st Coalition FC. 105D THE FRENCH REVOLUTION’S IMPACT ON MILITARY TACTICS AND THEIR IMPACT ON EUROPE French Revolution Turmoil & crisis Revolts & invasions (FC.105) Napoleon able to dominate Europe  Revolutionary ideas of nationalism & liberalism spread across Europe (FC.106)

  4. 13.2C TERROR & REACTION: THE REVOLUTION FROM 1792-99 Abolition of the monarchy & formation of 1st Fr. Republic (1792-99) “September Massacres” of 1500 alleged polit. prisoners w/o trials Continuing turmoil & econ. problems Fr. armies “liberate” Holland & Switz. & spread the Rev. Louis XVI tried & executed (1/21/1793) New calendar to replace Church calendar Rev. govt. faced w/growing opposition: 1st Coalition of Br, Holland, Austria, Prussia & Spain Provincial revolts vs. Rev’s radical, esp. relig., policies Jacobins, supported by Sans Culottes,seize power (7/1793) Extreme measures to deal w/ mounting crisis of war, revolts, & econ. problems: Wage & price controls to combat rampant inflation Forced loans & control of labor, research, & press Unversal draft  huge armies using new tactics Control supply & prod. of vital war materiel Enforced w/ever harsher reprisals & terror France cleared of its enemiesNo more need for reign of terror Jacobins fear reprisals from those victimized by the Terror Reign of Terror intensifies rather than letting up “Thermidorean Reaction” (7/1/1794) overthrows Jacobins More moderate govt., Directory, takes over (1795) Looser ruleCorruption & old problems resurface Napoleon Bonaparte seizes power (1799) & establishes milit. dictatorship that tames the rev. in France but also spreads its ideas across Europe

  5. Economic: Peasants own land  Conserv. Legal: all Fr. equal before the law. Liberty: Civil rights: freed. of speech, press, etc. Vote for all men & eventually women Equality: Nationalism: Includes everyone in the nation Excludes those outside of nation FC.105E THE RESULTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION By 1871 France has established a stable democracy: (FC.105) All sons have equal right to inheritance Primogeniture outlawed State competes w/ Church & family for loyalty of its citizens Lower birth rate to avoid splitting family lands Civil marriages, divorce, & mand. public educ. Slower pop. growth in 1800s than neighbors, esp. Ger. Weakens bonds & influence of family & religion Fewer French emigrate to Amer’s, etc. Worries about growing threat of Germany Nat’l loyalties international tensions More crime & social misbehavior World War I (FC.126)

  6. Napoleon overestimates his power Disastrous wars in Spain (1808) & Rus. (1812) Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state French want more stability Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Liberalism: belief in social & political equality Nationalism: belief in each nation’s rights & freedom 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas: Subject peoples also want nat’lism & liberalism Other rulers (e.g., Prussia) adopt Fr. mil. reforms Coalition of European powers overthrows Napoleon by 1815 Allies meet at Congress of Vienna (1815) to restore old order, but, thanks to Napoleon, Liberalism & Nationalism continue to spread in new waves of rev. from 1815-48 Industrial Rev. Industrial Rev. Eur. colon. emp’s expand across globe by 1900  They spread ideas of Liberalism & Nationalism along with indus. tech’s WWII weakens Eur. powers Colon. subjects use these ideas & tech. to win indep.

  7. Napoleon’s Elephant of Revolutionary Oblivion Even a dictator as shameless as Napoleon realized he had to pay the French Revolution its due. To that end while also commemorating his own victories and obliterating any lingering ideas about the superiority of democracy, he decided to build a great elephant on the site of the Bastille. Why he chose an elephant isn’t quite clear, but he intended it to be cast in bronze and be big enough for visitors to climb an interior staircase to a tower on its back, (Maybe its trunk could serve as a slide back down for the kids.) However, Napoleon’s wars co-opted the bronze for the statue to make cannons and the elephant was cast in plaster. After Napoleon's empire collapsed, the Elephant of the Bastille was left to rot, becoming overgrown and infested with rats and other sorts of vermin. Despite petitions for its removal, it remained in place until 1846, when its tattered remnants were finally removed.

  8. Napoleonic Quotes

  9. Napoleonic Quotes - "A Revolution is an opinion that has acquired some bayonets."

  10. Napoleonic Quotes - "A Revolution is an opinion that has acquired some bayonets." - "Clear policy consists in making nations believe they are free."

  11. Napoleonic Quotes - "A Revolution is an opinion that has acquired some bayonets." - "Clear policy consists in making nations believe they are free." - "In the eyes of those who found empires, men are not men but tools."

  12. Napoleonic Quotes - "A Revolution is an opinion that has acquired some bayonets." - "Clear policy consists in making nations believe they are free." - "In the eyes of those who found empires, men are not men but tools." - "I am marrying a womb."

  13. Napoleonic Quotes - "A Revolution is an opinion that has acquired some bayonets." - "Clear policy consists in making nations believe they are free." - "In the eyes of those who found empires, men are not men but tools." - "I am marrying a womb." - "Great men are meteors destined to burn up the earth."

  14. Napoleonic Quotes - "A Revolution is an opinion that has acquired some bayonets." - "Clear policy consists in making nations believe they are free." - "In the eyes of those who found empires, men are not men but tools." - "I am marrying a womb." - "Great men are meteors destined to burn up the earth." - "Great powers die of indigestion"

  15. Napoleonic Quotes • - "A Revolution is an opinion that has acquired some bayonets." • - "Clear policy consists in making nations believe they are free." • - "In the eyes of those who found empires, men are not men but tools." • - "I am marrying a womb." • - "Great men are meteors destined to burn up the earth." • "Great powers die of indigestion” • "Great answers die of such questions."-- Secretary trying to read my • handwriting

  16. Jacques Louis David’s portrait of the young Buonaparte

  17. Emperor Napoleon by Jean-Auguste-DominiqueIngres

  18. Jean-Léon Gérôme, "Napoleon in Egypt," ca. 1867-68

  19. Destiny beckoning Napoleon to do great things

  20. Napoleon’s Apotheosis by Jean-Auguste-DominiqueIngres

  21. "Ossian* Receiving the Ghosts of French Heroes”, 1802 by Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson Paintings like this made ordinary Frenchmen feel that they too could be glorified as an integral part of the cult of the nation. *Ossian was a 3rd century Celtic bard whose legend became a popular topic for artists and composers in the 1800s.

  22. Map showing Napoleon’s campaigns (1796-1814)

  23. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms French want more stability What do the French people want?

  24. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability What do the military reforms give Napoleon?

  25. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Eventually what do they allow him to do? Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Napoleon’s victorious campaigns in Italy (1796-7) & Egypt gained him tremendous popularity with the French people.

  26. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state How does he deal with liberty? Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon’s coup in 1799 that replaced the Directory with his own Consulate

  27. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes How does he deal with equality? Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas:

  28. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes How does he deal with nationalism?. Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas:

  29. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a With France thus organized, what is he able to do? Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas:

  30. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Austerlitz (12/2/1805), considered Napoleon’s greatest military victory Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807

  31. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 What does Nap. inadvertently spread?

  32. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas:

  33. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Liberalism: Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas:

  34. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Liberalism: belief in social & political equality Nationalism: Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas:

  35. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Liberalism: belief in social & political equality Nationalism: belief in each nation’s rights & freedom Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas: How does Nap. rule affect his Subject peoples?

  36. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Liberalism: belief in social & political equality Nationalism: belief in each nation’s rights & freedom Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies French want more stability Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas:

  37. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Nationalism: belief in each nation’s rights & freedom Liberalism: belief in social & political equality Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes French want more stability Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas: Subject peoples also want nat’lism & liberalism What do other rulers do? A romanticized depiction of the Tyrolean revolt against Napoleon (1809)

  38. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Liberalism: belief in social & political equality Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies Nationalism: belief in each nation’s rights & freedom Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes French want more stability Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas: Subject peoples also want nat’lism & liberalism Other rulers (e.g., Prussia) adopt Fr. mil. reforms Fatal flaw of dictators?

  39. 13.3 NAPOLEON AND HIS IMPACT a Brilliant vict’s vs. enemies Fr. Rev. Turmoil, but also Mil. reforms Liberty suppressed by censorship & police state Napoleon overestimates his power Disastrous wars in Spain (1808) & Rus. (1812) French want more stability Liberalism: belief in social & political equality Nationalism strengthened by more cent. govt., Bank of Fr., & Public Ed. Equality maintained by Napoleon’s civil law codes Nationalism: belief in each nation’s rights & freedom Napoleon’s brilliant vict’s Able to seize power (1799) Napoleon. & both consolidates & represses rev’s ideas: Napoleon able to dominate Europe by 1807 Nap. inadvertentlyspreads rev. ideas: Subject peoples also want nat’lism & liberalism Other rulers (e.g., Prussia) adopt Fr. mil. reforms

  40. Goya’s And They are like Wild Beasts showing the desperateresistance of the Spanish people against French rule

  41. Street fighting in Saragossa, Spain. According to the artist, even Spanish priests fought, using crucifixes to protect the Church against the French, whom they believed were atheistic.

  42. "When a Russian soldier has been killed, you still have to push him to make him fall down.”--Napoleon. The Battle of Borodino (9/17/1812) was one of the bloodiest & most desperate battles in history.

  43. Napoleon’s retreat from Russia (1812), one of the greatest military disasters in history

  44. A British cartoon after his defeat at Leipzig in 1813 satirizes how Napoleon had bitten off more than he could chew in his bid for mastery of Europe.

  45. Despite having lost a million men in the past 15 months, Napoleon leads the remnants of France’s armies, consisting largely of conscripted school boys, in a last ditch effort to save his regime in 1814

  46. David’s Leonidas at Thermopylae (1814) was a stirring, but futile, piece of propaganda trying to rally France behind Napoleon as France’s enemies closed in from all around

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