Concrete

1. Concrete Belkis Campos 12-01145. Cristina Dávila 12-11145.

2. Content • Whatis Concrete? • HistoricalBackground • Properties • Advantages & Disadvantages • Some Concrete-madeStructuresallovertheworld • Sources

3. Water Cement Agregate What is Concrete? Sand Gravel Limestone Granite Binder that holds and draws everything cohesively Concrete’s principal strength determinant

4. Assyrians and Babylonians: Clay as a bonding substance. The Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct (688 BC, waterproof concrete) Assyrians and Babylonians: Clay as a bonding substance. The Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct (688 BC, waterproof concrete) Egyptians: Similar substance to modern concrete. Lime and gypsum as binders. Egyptians: Similar substance to modern concrete. Lime and gypsum as binders. Concrete Ancient Civilizations Ancient Civilizations Greeks: Concrete with lime and pebbles. Royal palace of Tiryns. (1400-1200 BC) (Heinrich Schliemann) Greeks: Concrete with lime and pebbles. Royal palace of Tiryns. (1400-1200 BC) (Heinrich Schliemann) HistoricalBackground "concretus” (compact or condensed) Romans: used concrete made from quicklime, pozzolana and pumice (300 BC to 476 AD). New wave of Roman Architecture. Romans: used concrete made from quicklime, pozzolana and pumice (300 BC to 476 AD). New wave of Roman Architecture. Known Occurrence: 12 million years ago 1824: Creation of Portland Cement, by Joseph Aspdin. The dominant cementing agent used in concrete production. 1849: Invention of Reinforced Concrete by Joseph Monier. Human and Concrete: 3000 years Lime (calcium oxide): primary cement-forming, agent until the early 1800s.

5. Properties High compressive strength but lower tensile strength. The density of concrete is around 2,400 kg/m³ Concrete that is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. Low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. Reinforced concrete is the most common form of concrete. The reinforcement is often steel, rebar and other materials Different mixes of concrete ingredients produce different strengths

6. Advantages Disadvantages • Strength and Durability • Versatility • Low Maintenance • Affordability • Thermal mass • Locally produced and used • Albedo effect • Low life-cycle CO2 emissions • Low tensile strength • Low ductility • Susceptible to cracking More Advantages than Disadvantages

7. The amount of concrete used worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Walls Architectural Structures Pavements Use Bridges Mass Concrete's use in the modern world is exceeded only by the use of water Infrastructure Structures Textures

8. Concrete has been and is nowadays the preferred construction material for architects and engineers Some Concrete-made Structures all over the Globe 1- Jubilee Church. Rome, Italy 2- Ingalls Building. Cincinati, USA 3- Bus Stop. Stockholm, Sweden 4- Alamillo Bridge. Sevilla, Spain 2 1 4 3

9. Sources • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/131278/concrete • http://www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/key-issues/sustainability-with-concrete/properties-of-concrete • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete • http://civilengineersforum.com/concrete-advantages-disadvantages/