Chapter 10 - Motivation

1. Chapter 10 - Motivation Video clip eating disorders anorexia nervosa Expose students to the seriousness of Anorexia Nervosa

2. Hunger When do we eat? When are we hungry? When we are hungry. When there is no food in our stomach. How do we know when our stomach is empty? Our stomach growls. These are also called hunger pangs.

3. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa:A condition in which a normal-weight person (usually an adolescent woman) continuously loses weight but still feels overweight. Reprinted by permission of The New England Journal of Medicine, 207, (Oct 5, 1932), 613-617. Lisa O’Connor/ Zuma/ Corbis

4. Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa:A disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise.

5. Reasons for Eating Disorders • Sexual Abuse:Childhood sexual abuse does not cause eating disorders. • Family: Younger generations develop eating disorders when raised in families in which weight is an excessive concern. • Genetics: Twin studies show that eating disorders are more likely to occur in identical twins rather than fraternal twins. • Cultural: Some cultures idealize “thinness”

6. Over the past 50 years, the incidence of anorexia nervosa has steadily increased. This is most clearly attributable to: A. cultural ideals of beauty that increasingly encourage thinness. B. increasing levels of childhood sexual abuse. C. the onset of adolescence at increasingly younger ages. D. the decreasing emphasis on maintaining stable marriages.

7. Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese even though she is underweight. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of: A. excess PYY. B. bulimia nervosa. C. an abnormally high set point. D. anorexia nervosa.

8. Video clip Video: Moving Images: Exploring Psychology Through Film, Program 17: Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa – Next slide for brief description of clip

9. Video description • Twenty-five year old Jane Ann Spears was diagnosed as having anorexia nervosa at at very young age. After learning that her jean size was greater than most of her 7th grade classmates, she was determined to lose weight. Her dieting continued for six years and her wt. fell from 102 to 62 pounds.

10. Discussion • Family: Are there any family issues you see that might be related to Jane Anne’s anorexia? • Family “dynamics” do not alone account for anorexia and sometimes account for very little – what about genetics

11. Discussion • Genetics – Research suggests identical twins are more likely to share the disorder than are fraternal twins • Is there a biological component to anorexia?

12. Discussion Cultural issues – How might culture influence Jane Anne’s anorexia? How does our culture define attractiveness?

13. Discussion • Psychology Today conducted readership surveys of body image in 1972, 1985, and 1996. Readers were asked how they see, feel, and are influenced by their bodies. The 1996 survey findings are published in the February 1997 issue of the magazine. Because the results are based on the first 4000 people to respond to the five-page questionnaire, it is hardly a representative sample of the American population.

14. Questionnaire results – Body Image Psychology Today 1. Compared with earlier surveys, body dissatisfaction is soaring. A total of 89 percent of women respondents say they want to lose weight; 22 percent of the males say they want to gain weight. 2. Fifteen percent of the women and 11 percent of the men say they would sacrifice more than five years of their lives to be the weight they want. Twenty-four percent of women and 17 percent of men say they would give up more than three years. 3. While body dissatisfaction stays about the same as women age, women are being initiated into feelings of body hatred at an earlier age.

15. Questionnaire results 4. Body dissatisfaction affects those women who describe themselves as feminists (32 percent) as well as those who say they are more traditional (49 percent). Feminists do indicate that they are less willing to use such drastic measures as vomiting to control their weight. 5. Pregnancy is increasingly being viewed as an en­cum­brance to body image. Some women say they are choosing not to have children for this reason. 6. Sexual abuse is a significant contributor to body dissatisfaction. However, only women who have been abused think so. Other women do not seem to grasp the damage that abuse can do to feelings about the body. However, this does not cause anorexia

16. Questionnaire results 7. Teasing during childhood or adolescence has a lasting effect on women’s feelings about their bodies. Women report that the negative impact can last for decades, no matter what their current shape. 8. Respondents say that exercising is the most reliable way to develop positive feelings about one’s body. 9. Models in the media have a large effect on the way women see themselves. At the same time, a model backlash seems to be in the making. More than 3 out of 10 women say that models make them feel angry and resentful. Media models make more than four out of ten women feel insecure. Respon­dents say they are eager to see models that are more representative of the normal range of body types.

17. Questionnaire results – Body ImageLadies Home Journal In early 2003, Ladies Home Journal reported results from a body image survey of 900 women who responded through the magazine’s Web site (search “body image poll” at www.lhj.com). Although the respondents were mostly married and reflected the national averages for height and weight, they clearly did not constitute a representative sample of the American population.) Among the most interesting findings were the following:

18. Questionnaire results • On a scale from 1 to 10, 43 percent rated their bodies between 6 and 9. One percent said they were perfect, 20 percent ranked themselves at 5. • One out of three said they were currently on a diet. Those who weighed 141 to 150 were more likely to be on a diet than those who weighed more or less (perhaps because they felt they had a better chance of losing the weight.) • When given a choice between a facelift or a refurbished kitchen, 78 percent picked the kitchen.

19. Questionnaire results • 52 percent would rather have smaller hips or thighs than a two-week vacation “to get away from it all.” • 87 percent said it’s more acceptable for men to go gray and get out of shape than it is for women. • 75 percent said they would rather have a root canal than wear a thong bikini.