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The Yale Climate Initiative:

The Yale Climate Initiative:. Assessing Yale’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions. YCI Presentation Overview. YCI Overview Inventory Introduction Power Plants and Buildings Transportation Other Sources Improving the Inventory Next Steps. YCI Overview: Purpose. Student-initiated study to:

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The Yale Climate Initiative:

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  1. The Yale ClimateInitiative: Assessing Yale’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions

  2. YCI Presentation Overview • YCI Overview • Inventory • Introduction • Power Plants and Buildings • Transportation • Other Sources • Improving the Inventory • Next Steps

  3. YCI Overview: Purpose Student-initiated study to: • Understand Yale’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions • Evaluate strategies to improve Yale’s GHG emissions inventory over time • Analyze approaches to make the University more climate friendly Necessary steps before articulating a more detailed climate change strategy

  4. YCI Overview: Group Structure Trisha Eyler Woon Kwong Liew Seth Dunn Nalin Sahni Brandon Carter Marco Buttazzoni Kate Zyla Liz Martin Kathleen Campbell • Various experts participated in classes and advised the group • Various members of Yale staff provided fundamental support and assistance during the data gathering phase of the project

  5. Why are GHGs Important? CO2 concentration in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution • GHGs in the atmosphere trap energy • Allow short wave solar radiation to pass • Trap long wave radiation from earth • There are various GHGs but the one of most concern is CO2 • CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is currently around 370 ppm • It has been below 300 ppm for the last 150,000 years Over 32% increase in less than 300 years

  6. Why are GHGs Important? Climate: Natural forcing Climate: Natural and anthropogenic • IPCC scientists are in agreement that: • Global temperature is increasing • Part of this is due to anthropogenic change

  7. GWP CO2 CH4 N2O SF6 HFC-32 HFC-23 CFC-12 GHG 1 21 310 23,900 650 11,700 8,500 CO2 CH4 N2O CO2. CH4, N2O, CFCs CFCs HFCs SF6 CO2 N2O CO2 CH4 N2O CO2 CH4 N2O HFCs Greenhouse Gases at Yale CO2e offsets?

  8. GHG Inventory: A Complicated Process aaa Data FES & parking dep. data CT-DOT transport parameters Emissions parameters Assumptions with change in the parameter bbb ccc Calculations xx% Change in emissions Cars +22 -22% PT +120 –50% Cars only vs. PT and bike Occ. Rate +/- 17% + 11% - 12% + 5.9% - 9.5% # trips +/-1% Correction +/- 2% car +22% - 22% PT +3.2% - 1.3% + 1.5% - 3.7% + 20% - 14% Miles traveled per mode of transport 16,700 T Zip code data Edited zip code data Total miles traveled Miles +/-5% + 80% - 49% + 4.8% - 4.8%

  9. Yale’s GHG Emissions: Year 2002 Yale University GHG Emissions (2002) Total 291,696 Tons CO2 equivalent 300,000 Other sources 4% 246,080 250,000 Transport. 13% 200,000 150,000 Power Plants/ buildings 83% tons of CO2 equivalent 100,000 38,653 50,000 13,254 -6,291 0 Power Plants/Buildings Transportation Other Sources Sinks -50,000

  10. 257 buildings 3 power plants 1,173,408 m2 in building area 2,599,076 GJ of energy consumed annually Yale Power Plants & Buildings : Overview YALE Pierson-Sage Power Plant Science Hill Central Power Plant Old Campus Sterling Power Plant Medical Center Athletics Fields

  11. Yale Power Plants : Overview Science Hill Old Campus Central Power Plant electricity steam chilled water Pierson-Sage Power Plant steam Utility grids and others electricity, gas & fuel oil Medical Center steam Sterling Power Plant Athletic Fields chilled water

  12. Yale Power Plants & Buildings : Emissions Other sources 4% Transport. 13% Power Plants/ buildings 83%

  13. Yale Power Plants : Central Power Plant Central Power Plant Central Power Plant Energy Delivered Energy Consumed kW, 1%, #6 Oil, #2 Oil, CHW, 6%, 2%, kW, 30% 24% Natural Gas 91%, Steam 46% 2,355,212 GJ 1,821,773GJ Energy production Overall Plant Efficiency is 57%

  14. CHW, Steam 56% 44% Yale Power Plants : Sterling Power Plant Sterling Power Plant Sterling Power Plant Energy Consumed (GJ) Energy Delivered #6 Oil, kW, 3%, NG 40%, 57%, #2 Oil, 0%, Energy production 1,321,937 GJ 1,007,635 GJ Conversion from #6 to #2 Oil by mid-2004 Overall Plant Efficiency is 76%

  15. Yale Power Plants : Emissions • 79% of fuel consumed is Natural Gas • 10,000 tons CO2 eq. reduced if 100% NG used • Power plants are within standard efficiency ranges • Improvements have to be driven from end-use

  16. Interior Building Area 1,173,408 m2 in building area

  17. Energy Intensity Average Intensity Yale: 628 kWh/m2 Stanford: 560 kWh/m2

  18. Distribution of Area and Energy Consumption Area of circles denotes total energy consumed Labs, Wet Medical Labs, Dry Academic Admin Athletics Library Housing Other

  19. Energy use: Consumption profile • 10% of buildings account for 58% of energy consumption • 20% of buildings account for 78% of energy consumption • Half of the buildings account for only 4% of energy use

  20. 10 Most Energy Consumptive Buildings Red - >1,000 kWh/m2 Blue - <1,000 kWh/m2

  21. Yale Power Plants & Buildings : Uncertainties • Instrument & data transmission • cost of equipment vs better accuracy • Computerized data collection • reliability of intranet / internet data transfer • Manual data collection and entry • issues with data consolidation and analysis over time • Data processing and analysis • emission factors and conversion factors • limited data on “building use” activities

  22. Transportation: Overview • Institutional • Yale-owned vehicles • Work-related • Flights • Train • Ground transportation • Commuters • Daily (faculty, students) • Travel home (students) • Contracted vehicles • Not addressed Yale owns 366 vehicles, over half of which are trucks or vans Yale spends about $20 million in travel each year Yale commuters travel over 57 million miles per year

  23. Transportation: Total Emissions Other sources 4% Transport. 13% Power Plants/ buildings 83%

  24. Institutional Travel Most GHG “Intensive” Fleets Most GHG Emitting Fleets However, miles traveled are not known

  25. 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 - Trains TA flights Car rental Non TA flights Ground transportation Work-Related Travel Emissions Work related emissions Travel expenditure Breakdowns Total foreign 25% Total domestic 75% Tons CO2 emissions Other 14% Air/rail 40% Car rental and ground trans. 14% Lodging 32% Total GHG emissions 11,100 tons  3.8% of Yale’s total

  26. Emissions from Employee Commuting • GHG emissions from employee commuting are 16,700 tons CO2 • 5.7% of Yale’s total emissions • Emissions from student commuting are about 1,700 tons

  27. Yale Transportation: Uncertainties • Institutional: • Lack of reliable Mileage data • Fuel purchase data • Work related travel • $ spent per transportation mode • Air travel: number of trips, miles per trip, emissions of aircraft • Other: $ spent per type, number of trips, miles per trip, type of vehicle, emissions per vehicle • Commuting: • Transportation parameters • Residence location • Number of commutes

  28. Other Sources: Overview Yale generated • 5,300 tons of municipal solid waste • 76% is incinerated, • 18% is recycled, • 6% is landfilled • 50 million gallons of waste water • 18,000 liters of Volatile Organic Compounds • 5,800 lbs. of CFCs and HFCs 80,000 lbs. of SF6 in Stock 10,880 acres of Forest in NH, VT, CT

  29. Other Sources and Sinks Small Sources but Large Global Warming Potentials!

  30. Other Sources: GHG Emissions Total (without Offset) = 13,254 tons CO2 eq. (5% of total emissions) Forest Sinks Offset = 6,291 tons CO2 eq. (2% of total emissions)

  31. Other Sources: Refrigerants Old leaking chillers represent a larger portion of emissions than was thought!

  32. Other Sources: Sequestration is Small . • Yale owns 10,880 acres of forestland • In CT, NH, and VT • Mostly mixed hardwoods. • Total offset is estimated to be 6,291 tons of CO2 eq. • 0.58 tons per acre To offset Yale’s total 2002 emissions we would need to reforest an area almost the size of Rhode Island

  33. Other Sources: Risk Management • Yale has 80,000 lbs of SF6 in stock • This is equivalent to 850,000 tons of CO2 eq. • If released, it represents 4 times Yale’s annual emissions!

  34. Other Sources and Sinks: Uncertainty Refrigerants • Does not include data on window air-conditioning units Incineration and Landfilling • Reliability of Carbon content • Decay Function of Waste • Amount of fugitive landfill gas emissions Lab Gases • Assumption that all gases are released to atmosphere Wastewater • Conversion Factor Uncertainty • Lack of data on the occurrence of anaerobic conditions in treatment systems, especially incidental occurrences. Forest Sinks • Divergence in sequestration estimates

  35. Yale GHG Emissions • Yale emissions are equivalent to those of: • The Cayman Islands • Central African Republic • Each ‘Yalie’ emits about 13 t GHG per year • UVM = about 7 t • Tufts = about 2 t Yale 2002 Total: 291,696 Tons CO2 equivalent 13t is equal to emitting 173 times your weight

  36. Next Steps: GHG Inventories at Yale • Yale personnel has been wonderfully supportive to the YCI team • Currently Yale systems gather a wealth of data that can be used for GHG inventory purposes • The current system and process is not conducive to creating GHG emissions inventories • Some data are missing • Some inconsistencies • Cumbersome data extraction Relatively minor systems and process changes could significantly improve Yale’s ability to inventory GHG emissions

  37. Next Steps: GHG Emission Reductions • The team explored • improvements to inventories • preliminary mitigation options • A number of spin off-projects are already addressing these questions • ACEM Green Fund financing • Student projects Yale Climate Initiative Fall 2004?

  38. And finally … Thank you to all the members of Yale University who assisted us in our efforts!

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