Sectionalism

1. Sectionalism Regional Conflict and Attempts at Compromise. or Events Leading to the Civil War.

2. Early Efforts to Abolish Slavery (1774 – 1804) • In 1777 Vermont wrote a state constitution abolishing slavery. • State constitutions were written in Massachusetts in 1780, and by New Hampshire in 1783, which implied the abolition of slavery. • Gradual abolition was begun in Pennsylvania in 1780, in Rhode Island and Connecticut in 1784, in New York in 1799, and in New Jersey in 1804. Do Not Copy

3. Early Efforts to Abolish Slavery (1774 – 1804) • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 outlawed slavery north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, including the present states of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota. Do Not Copy

4. Constitutional Convention (1787) • 3/5 Compromise • In 1808 the importation of slaves end (Art. 1, Sec. #2) • Fugitive Slave Laws (Art. 4, Sec.#2) Do Not Copy

5. The Balance of Power In the United States Senate in 1819 Free States and Slave States were equally represented. How would the admission of Missouri as a state change the balance of power in the Senate?

6. Missouri Compromise (1820) • Missouri entered the union as a slave state. • Maine entered the union as a free state. (This maintained the balance of power between free and slave states in the Senate at 12 each.) • Slavery not allowed in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of 36 degrees 30’ (the southern border of Missouri.)

7. Nullification and Secession 1798 – 1799 “Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions” • They were written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in reaction to the Sedition Acts (Alien and Sedition Acts). • Jefferson argued that states had the power to “nullify” laws passed by Congress if Congress acted outside the powers given to it in the Constitution. • These resolutions were considered some of the first arguments for states’ rights.

8. Hartford Convention (1814) • In December of 1814 delegates from 5 New England states met in Hartford Connecticut to protest the War of 1812. • Power had shifted from the Federalist Party to the Republican Party. • Some Federalists suggested that states could refuse to send militia into service. • Some Federalists suggested secession from the Union.

9. Tariff of Abominations (1828) • In 1828 Congress passed an unusually high protective tariff. Some manufactured goods from Europe had a tariff as high as 50%. • The tariff protected Northern factories from competition with European manufacturers. • Northerners generally favored high protective tariffs.

11. Southern reaction: • Southerners did not benefit from the tariff. • Most Southerners wanted the option of buying goods from Europe. • Southerners were afraid that European powers would place a tariff on their cotton making it too expensive (e.g. no more King Cotton). • John C. Calhoun, writes his South Carolina Exposition and Protest. Calhoun says that states have the right to nullify any federal law it doesn’t like.

12. 1833 South Carolina nullifies a slightly lower tariff passed by Congress. • Congress, at the request of President Jackson, passed the Force Bill. South Carolina Nullifies it as well and says it will fight any army which marches in the state. • Henry Clay works out a compromise in Congress which removed some of the taxes and South Carolina rescinded its nullification.

13. Power in Government • North - favored strong National Government • South - favored strong State Governments

14. The Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison • He published The Liberator (1831) • Garrison was a radical abolitionist who published an anti-slavery newspaper in Boston. He called for an immediate end to slavery and portrayed slave owners as evil. “Let Southern oppressors tremble…..” “In defending the great cause of human rights, I wish to derive the assistance of all religions and of all parties.” “….. I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD.”

15. Theodore Weld (1803–1895) • Theodore Weld became a preacher after meeting the Methodist preacher Charles G. Finney in 1825. • In 1830 he took up the fight against slavery, and was one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. • In 1836 Weld trained a band of 70 abolitionists, including his future wife, Angelina Grimké, a writer of anti-slavery stories. • Weld went to Washington and became a lobbyist in Congress for the anti-slavery cause. Weld also was an adviser to John Quincy Adams when Adams tried to introduce a constitutional amendment against slavery. • Weld's was one of the major voices in the pre-Civil War abolitionist movement. In 1839 he anonymously published American Slavery As It Is.

16. The Grimke Sisters • Born in South Carolina • Among the first women to speak out against slavery • Lectured for the American Anti-Slavery Society • They were Southern women who freed their slaves The Grimke Sisters

17. Frederick Douglass • Former slave • Edited the antislavery newspaper, The North Star • Best known African-American abolitionist

18. Sojourner Truth (Isabella Van Wagener) (1797?-1883) She was born a slave and became the most famous antislavery spokeswoman. In 1843 she said that God called upon her to "travel up and down the land" and preach his word. She changed her name to Sojourner (meaning traveler) Truth and set out on a lecture tour to speak out about religion, slavery, and women's issues. Although she could neither read nor write, she was a captivating orator.

19. Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831) 1. Describe the event. 2. How did Southerners react to the event?

20. Fear and Slave Rebellions Fear of slave rebellions haunted whites who lived where slaves were numerous: 1739 – Led by a slave named Cato, Stono Plantation, South Carolina, 74 killed. 1801 – A slave, Gabriel Prosser, urged blacks to rebel and march on Richmond , Virginia. The plan failed, he was caught and hanged. 1822 – Denmark Vesey, a free black, was convicted of trying to organize on uprising in Charleston, South Carolina. Vesey and 36 others were executed.

21. Southern Reaction To Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Many southern states made it difficult for planters to free their slaves. • In some states free blacks were required to live in cities, far from the plantations. In Virginia, freed slaves had to leave the state. • Most southern states made teaching a slave to read a crime. • Slaves off the plantation had to carry passes. • Slave patrols could stop and search any black, at gunpoint.

22. Underground Railroad (c. 1835) What was it? How did it operate? How did this event create bad feelings between Northerners in Free States and Southerners in Slave States?

23. Wilmot Proviso (1846) What was it? How did this event create bad feelings between Northerners in Free States and Southerners in Slave States?

24. Compromise of 1850 • Proposed by Henry Clay (“Great Peacemaker”) • California enters the Union as a free state. • In the remainder of the Mexican Cession the states would decide the slavery issue for themselves. Popular sovereignty would decide the issue in the Utah Territory (Nevada and Utah) and in the New Mexico Territory (Arizona and New Mexico). • Stricter fugitive slave laws were passed • No slave trade in the District of Columbia

26. The story opens in Kentucky. To satisfy a debt, Arthur Shelby is obliged to sell his faithful slave Tom, a devoutly religious man, and a child Harry, son of Eliza. Hearing that her child is to be sold away from her, Eliza escapes and, after a desperate flight across the ice of the Ohio River reaches safety among the Quakers of the Underground Railroad. Later, her husband, George Harris, joins her. Tom, while on a Mississippi River steamboat taking him to be sold downriver, saves from drowning Eva, the young daughter of a wealthy Louisiana planter, Augustine St. Clare. In gratitude, St. Clare buys Tom as a household servant, but after St. Clare's death Tom is sold to Simon Legree, the brutal owner of a Red River plantation. There the final acts of the tragedy take place, as young George Shelby arrives too late to redeem his old favorite servant. Ferguson, DeLancey. "Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly." Encyclopedia Americana. 2008.

27. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) • Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a fictional novel about slavery that became a best-seller. • The novel portrayed slave owners in a very negative way. • Southerners very critical of the author and her work. • Many Northerners, after reading the novel, became critical of the institution of slavery.

28. Below is an except from a book review of Uncle Tom’s Cabin which appeared in the Liberator. Garrison shares with his readers some of Stowe’s motives for writing the novel.    First, let the author speak for herself, as she does in her Preface:—"The object of these sketches is to awaken sympathy and feeling for the African race, as they exist among us; to show their wrongs and sorrows, under a system so necessarily cruel and unjust all to defeat and do away the good effects of all that can be attempted for them, by their best friends, under it…… The Liberator Unsigned, William Lloyd GarrisonBoston: 26 March 1852

29. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Popular sovereignty would decide the legality of slavery in the Kansas and Nebraska Territories. • The 36 deg. 30’ line was no longer the rule (This voids the Missouri Compromise).

31. Bleeding Kansas (1855-56) • Pro-slavery v. anti-slavery forces • Some say the first shots of the Civil War were actually fired in Kansas (Bleeding Kansas)

32. Dred Scott (1857) Who was Dred Scott? Why was he in court? What did the Supreme Court rule in his case? How did this event create bad feelings between Northerners in Free States and Southerners in Slave States?

33. Lincoln – Douglas Debates 1858 Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas Democrat Champion of popular sovereignty Well known “Little Giant” • Republican • Not very well known • Against the expansion of slavery into the territories

34. Lincoln – Douglas Debates 1858 Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas The issue of slavery in the territories should be decided through popular sovereignty. • “A house divided against itself cannot stand….It will become all one thing or all another.”

35. Lincoln – Douglas Debates 1858 Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas Territorial legislatures can refuse to pass laws that protect the rights of slave owners. (This becomes known as the Freeport Doctrine.) • How can you support popular sovereignty when the Supreme Court has ruled against it? • The government is being controlled by ‘Slavocrats.’

36. Lincoln – Douglas Debates 1858 Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas Mr. Lincoln wants African - Americans to be fully equal to whites. • The real issue is “between the men who think slavery a wrong and those who do not think it wrong. The Republican Party thinks it wrong.”

37. John Brown’s Raid (1859) Describe the event: How did this event create bad feelings between Northerners in Free States and Southerners in Slave States?

38. Presidential Election of 1860 • The Democratic and Whig Parties had split over the issue of Slavery. • Democrats run two candidates: Northerner - Douglas Southerner - Breckinridge • The Constitutional Union Party formed from remnants of the Whig Party and chose John Bell of Tennessee as their candidate • Republicans nominate Lincoln • Lincoln elected - votes came from one part of the country: the North • South Carolina seceded (Dec. 20, 1860)