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Development of urbanization

Development of urbanization. dr. László Jeney associate professor jeney@ elte.hu. Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 201 7 /201 8 . CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies. Late antique town. 2.

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Development of urbanization

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  1. Development of urbanization dr. László Jeney associate professor jeney@elte.hu Economic Foundations of Local Development Module 1/b: Urban and Rural development by sectors Autumn term 2017/2018. CUB Department of Economic Geography and Futures Studies

  2. Late antique town 2

  3. Spread of urban culture in Europe • 1600 B. C.: urban development also in Europe (via Asia, Egypt) • 1000 B. C: global centre shifted to Europe (Athens, Rome) • Frontier of European urban culture spread to Northwest (towards the cooler climatic zone) 3

  4. Roman Empire 4

  5. Constantinople (Byzantine Empire) • 350–800, Constantinople: largest town of the World • Link between the antique and the feudal urban development • 330, Emperor Constantine the Great (Constantinus): Constantinople – seat of the Roman Empire • Flourishing: under the age of Emperor Justinian (527–565) on the basis of global trading role (on the meeting of Europe and Asia) • Symbol: Hagia Sophia (built: 532–537) • Early Middle Ages: largest town of Europe 5

  6. The feudal town 6

  7. Characteristics of the European medieval feudal towns • 8th–9th cent.: initial feudal towns • On the basis of 3 types of roles • Role of defence: 9th–12th cent.: Pflaz/Palatinate – imperial watch-posts • Role of church: residences of bishops – religious seats with castles (Bordeaux, Strasbourg, Passau, Basel, Lyon, Cologne) • Role of trade: Wick – strengthened trading settlements (Ipswich, Norwich) • Where all roles are present  faster urban development (Munster, Trier, Bruges) • Feudal towns: only in West Europe • Iberian Peninsula: Moor rule  Seville (not feudal) • Southeast Europe: Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire  Constantinople (between antique and feudal) • East Central & East Europe: feudalism just after Migration Period 7

  8. Evolution of modern towns 8

  9. 1. Agglomerating process • (= clustering, knitting) – period of modern urbanization • Also referred falsely to as urbanization, urban explosion • Urbanization, but: urbanization = whole process agglomeration = its 1st stage • Urban explosion, but: instead of diverging (centrifugal), converging (centripetal)powers 4 factors of agglomerating: • Overall demographic boom (notonlyincities) • England:1750: 6 mn1850: 18 mn • France:1800: 27 mn1900: 39 mn • Germany:1800: 23 mn1900: 56 mn • Developing (3rd) World: nowadays • ‚Push’ factor: rural labour surplus • ‚Pull’ factor: urban labour demand • Developingtechnical background of urban planning (→metropolitan infrastr) 9

  10. Generatedby the Industrial Revolution • Fordism: appearance of bigger producing units • Shiftsin employment: Industrialization (fromagriculturetoindustry) • Geographicallyrural urban migration (spatial concentration of population, rapid urbanization) • Advantages from residential point of view: • Rich supply of workplaces • Higher and more stableincomes • Wide range of services (existenceof educational and cultural institutions, retail trade etc.) • Advantages from economic point of view • Rich „quality” supply of labour-force • Availability for cooperation, innovationadvantages (research etc.) • Cheaper and better infrastructure (e.g. transport) • Closeness of markets • Higherproductivity (positive externalities)  P. Krugman: new economic geography 10

  11. Generatedby the Industrial Revolution • Absolute concentration • Populationof whole agglomeration: increases dynamically • Initially just the city increases, later city and also the suburban zone increase • City and its suburban zone coalesce / accrete • It is often followed by the enlargement of the city boundaries • Its concurrent: generated by the Industrial Revolution 11

  12. The spread of the Industrial Revolution in Europe • Diffusion of the Industrial Revolution, agglomerating process: NW SE • Reverse way to the spread of the antique urbanization (SE NW) • 18thcent.: England • Mid 19thcent.: West Europe • Turn of the 19thcent.: N-Eu, E-Central-Eu, Northern part of S-Eu • First half of the 20thcent.: S-Eu • Mid 20thcent.: E-Eu, Balkans 12

  13. Leading role of Europe in the appearance of the modern cities • Europe becomes leader • Towns over 100 th citizens • 1800:Eu21/ World 65 • 1900:Eu148/ World 301 • Primacy of Great Britain • First country where the proportion of the urban population: >50% • London • 18thcent.: first modern city (over 500 th citizens) in Europe • 19thcent.: over 2 mn citizens • 1850–1920: largest city of the world • 1stmegapolis (over 8 mn citizens) of the World 1840 1929 Contemporary built-up areas of Greater-London 13

  14. Number of Europeans in the rank of the 25 largest towns of the World 14

  15. Europe, the craddle of the modern city • Earlier: ancient Rome • Modern city: after industrial revolution • Spread from West-Europe: London, Paris before 1850 between 1850–1900 between 1850–1900 after 1950 15 Source of data: censuses

  16. Development of the Budapest agglomeration • 1873: foundation of Budapest = Pest + Buda + Óbuda • Early 20thcent.: massive suburban development • 1900–1907: build-up of tramlines to the suburban zone • 1908: coming up the thought of creature of Greater Budapest • 1937: legal sphere of action of the Council of Public Works spread also to the 22 suburban settlements • 1stJanuary, 1950: foundation of Greater Budapest • Budapest Agglomeration • 1970s: 44 settlements • 1997: 78 settlements • Today: whole Pest county (≠ with Budapest agglomeration) 16

  17. „Shadows” of agglomeration process • Inorganic, rapid, spontaneous urban development unwished negative byeffects • Slums • Overcrowding (back-to-back dwelling houses) • Lack of green areas • Pollution of environment (smog) • Lack of public utilities (sanitation) • Cholera epidemic – in 1832 London: 5000; Glasgow: 2800 victims • Crime • Early 19thcent., slums of Liverpool: 16 years life expectancy at birth 17

  18. Reactions of urban planning on the crowding • New urban planning and architectural acts, laws • Reaction of the urban architecture of the modern era • 1933 Athens Charter – style of modern architecture • Le Corbusier (1887–1965) • Spread upwards instead of dense horizontal built-up zones + more green area • Mistakes in socialist housing estates: time lag, without green areas 18 ‚Havanna’ housing estate of the 1970s in Budapest

  19. Reactions of urban planning on the crowding • Foundation of new towns (most expensive) • West Europe (GB, F, SF, S): „planned” suburbanization for the exoneration of the cities (London: Hatfield, Milton Keynes; Paris: Cergy-Pontoise), garden city campaign, New Lanark (Robert Owen) • Socialist countries: ‚socialist industrialized towns’ for the goal of forced industrialization 19 Socialist new towns in East Central Europe

  20. Suburbanization planned by urban planning: the garden city campaign • Garden city model of Ebenezer Howard (1848–1928) • 1885.: Garden Cities and Town Planning Association • 1898.: „Garden Cities of Tomorrow” 20

  21. Main street of Welvyn, 32 km from London • Realized garden cities Northfrom London: • Letchworth (1903) • Welwyn (1920) 21

  22. Latter stages of the modern urban development: sub-, dez-, re- and post-suburbanization 22

  23. 2. Suburbanization / exurbanization • Anglo-Saxon: exurbanization • Relative deconcentration • Population number of total agglomeration increases • Population number of city decreases, that of suburban zone increases economic, social and urban structure on agglomeration transforms • Outmigration of city dwellers • Spontaneous • Directly towards the suburban zone • Suburbanization of population • Insufficient housing supply and environment in central city • Development of transportation infrastructure  spatial separation of residential and working zones • Outmigrantskeep their urban workplace  commuting 23

  24. 2. Suburbanization / exurbanization • Spreadingcities • Initial: public transport (local railways) radial diffusion • Later: cars, public roads: diffusion among radiuses as well • Today: motorways radial diffusion again • Appearance • Developed countries: from 1920s to 1970s • Characteristics of East Central Europe: official restriction of moving only from 1970s • Results • Cities: population increase slows down, than decrease, butworkplaces remain here • Suburban zone: mainly residential functions, sparselier built-up, green areas 24

  25. 3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanization • Anglo-Saxon: counterurbanization – Brian Berry (1976) • (Somebody understands falsely the industrial and tertial suburbanization under the dezurbanization) • Absolute deconcentration • Number of population workplaces of total agglomeration decreases (from the early 1970s Population change in Ruhr area 25

  26. 3. Dezurbanization / counterurbanization • Initially USA, later West Europe: outmigration to more and more distance • Not only to the suburban zones, but also to the further countryside • Rapidly increasing population of some rural areas • 1970s, developed countries: change of global economic paradigm • Modern urban and industrial regions became unattractive for both the residents and the companies • Rural areas, countryside became attractive (e. g. Sunbelt) • 2-typed social groups • People using the ICTs (internet, wi-fi, skype, msn, e-mail, facebook) • People escaping to the nature from the urban technics (own generator, passive house) 26

  27. 4. Reurbanization • Relative concentration • Population number of total agglomeration decreases • Population number of city (especially the centre) increases again • UK: Appearance of special ‚Urban Development Corporations’ for the urban renewal • Spread of the enterprise form of public private partnership (PPP) • Clearing of the area • Configuration of the public utilities • Configuration of the transportation network • Selling the building plots, seeking for investors • Gentrification • Yuppie: young urban professional • New social class strongly attracting to the traditional colourful metropolitan milieu 27

  28. Early 1980s, Europe: 1stbig urban rehabilitation projects • Emblematic city: London • Dock Quarter: Canary Wharf • Later • Birmingham • Berlin • Hamburg • Amsterdam: Waterfront Program • New York: Harlem • Budapest: Middle Ferencváros (Corvin Quarter) 28

  29. 5. Post-suburbanization • Relocationof workplaces (industrial and tertiary)fromthe city tothesuburbs • (dezurbanization?  false statement) • Ways of industrial suburbanization • Movingout • Greenfieldinvestments • Its characteristics: high-tech industries (just in time) + suppliers • Suburbanization of services • Consumer-oriented branches with high interest for space • Logistics • Recreational activities (Disneyland), office functions • Result: city-region with sub-centres • Central functions in the suburban zone • Universities, touristic attractions, international events, meetings (Gödöllő in the suburb of Budapest: Hungarian EU Presidency 2011) 29

  30. Urban models of Cedric Price (2001) • Pre-modern / traditional city: model of soft-boiledegg • Ancient / antiquetowns • Towns with obvious borders (walls) • Modern city: model of fried egg • Agglomeratingprocess • Suburbanization • IndustrialRevolution expandedcities: functions surrounded the CBD by concentric, sectoral way • Post-modern city: model of scrambled eggs • Dezurbanization / counter-urbanization • Reurbanization • Post-suburbanization POST 30

  31. Population change of the urban agglomeration Reurbanization Agglomerating process Suburbanization Exurbanization Dezurbanization Counterurb. Urban agglomeration Suburban zone City 31 Concentration Deconcentration Concentration

  32. Stages of urban development according to the change of population 32

  33. Brief summary of the stages of urban development • It affects smaller crowds in time • Agglomerating: more millions, reurbanization: a few thousands, post-suburbanization: no significant movement • Leading, dominant continent • Stages of moving inwards (agglomerating, reurbanization): initially in Europe • Stages of moving outwards (sub-, and dezurbanization): initially in North America • Dynamics of the process: • Initially agglomerating • Followed by suburbanization • Later could be followed by dez-, re and post-suburbanization • More stages could coexistence parallel in cities • Cities could be classify upon the dominant stage • (Whole countries are classified falsely) 33

  34. Space-specific elements in the demographic process of the European cities 34

  35. Annaul average population change of cities from 1950s • 1950s: faster growth • 1970s, 1980s, 1990s: decreasing population • After the turn of the Millennium: population increase again % 35 cities actually over half million residents 59 cities Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  36. 1950–1960 • Increase: almost everywhere • Decrease: on the British Isles significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) 36 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  37. 1960–1970 • Decrease spreads to West Central Europe (the Netherlands, Germany, Austria) too significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) 37 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  38. 1970–1980 • Decrease spreads further to Belgium, France, North Italy, North Europe • Increase only on the lagging peripheries (Ireland, Mediterranean, socialist countries) significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) 38 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  39. 1980–1990 • Line of Iron Curtain appears in city growth • Decrease: developed Europe (exp. North Europe: inner North–South migration • Increase: socialist Europe (exp. Budapest): more restricted mobility, lack of motorization and highways significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) 39 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  40. 1990–2000 • Pattern radically turned • Decrease: East Central Europe (besides suburbanization international migration too (e. g. Riga, Vilnius) • Increase again: somewhere in developed Europe (mainly London): reurbanization + guest workers significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) 40 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  41. 2000–2007 • Dominantly increase: developed Europe • Dominantly decrease: East Central Europe significant increase (0.5%<) moderate increase (0–0.5%) moderate decrease (–0.5–0%) significant decrease (>–0.5%) 41 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  42. Clusters of cities according to its population dynamics between 1950–2007 42 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  43. Annual average population change of the clusters 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s % 3 South Europe 2 West Central Europe 4 East Central Europe 1 West Europe 6 Sofia, Vilnius, Zaragoza 43 clusters Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007)

  44. Geographic location of the clusters stateborder EU-border cluster 1 cluster 2 cluster 3 cluster 4 cluster 5 cluster 6 Source: calculations based on the data of censuses and World Gazetteer (2007) 44

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