1 / 29

World War I

World War I. Chapter 24. Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy. Moral (Missionary) diplomacy—U.S. as a beacon of freedom “We are chosen, and prominently chosen, to show the way to the nations of the world how they shall walk in the paths of liberty” Wilson assumed Anglo-American superiority

ingo
Télécharger la présentation

World War I

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. World War I Chapter 24

  2. Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy • Moral (Missionary) diplomacy—U.S. as a beacon of freedom • “We are chosen, and prominently chosen, to show the way to the nations of the world how they shall walk in the paths of liberty” • Wilson assumed Anglo-American superiority • Paternalism similar to slave masters • Willing to spread western-style democracy and Christian morality through force • Also had a practical side—U.S. needed markets; also exported capitalism • Exporting American democracy and capitalism would promote stability and progress throughout the world

  3. Intervention in Mexico • Mexican Revolution in 1910 • Pancho Villa started to make raids into the U.S. to kill 37 Americans • Wilson sent General Pershing and 6,000 troops into Mexico to find Villa. • Searched for 2 years but never found Villa but the expedition poisoned Mexican-American relations for the next 30 years.

  4. Woodrow Wilson and Moral Diplomacy: Caribbean • American marines helped put down disorders • Nicaragua (until 1933), Cuba (until 1933) Haiti (until 1934), and the Dominican Republic (until 1924).

  5. The Road to War • Countries in Europe had become war machines linked to one another through a web of diplomatic alliances---the chaos just needed to be set in order • Assassination of Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 • Austria-Hungary attacked Serbia and Russia began to mobilize. • The Schlieffen Plan • German plan to avoid defeat from Russia by taking out France first and then fight Russians.

  6. The European System of Alliance

  7. Stalemate • Everyone believed that it would be a short war (6 weeks) • New military technology • Machine guns, aerial bombing, poison gas, flame throwers, land mines, armored tanks. • Trench warfare and stalemate • Defense was as strong or stronger than offense • Military tactics had not kept up with military technology.

  8. America’s Initial Reaction • Wilson urged Americans to be neutral; true neutrality impossible • Many immigrants for the Central Powers: Irish & German • Old-line Americans for the Allies; most high government officials were pro-British • Role of propaganda • Nearly all news from the battlefronts had to clear through London. • Neutral but Not Impartial • Financial assistance • $2 billion to Allies • $27 million to Germany

  9. American Neutrality Strained • Freedom of the seas • British ordered ships carrying German goods via neutral ports to be stopped. • German submarine warfare • Germans declared a war zone around the British Isles and threatened to sink any ships there. • Lusitania sunk • Among 1,198 dead were 128 Americans. • America protested through a series of notes demanding Germany stop such actions and pay reparations: Sussex pledge • Unwilling to risk war, Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigned.

  10. The Debate over Preparedness • Sinking of the Lusitaniacontributed to demands for a stronger army and navy • Wilson’s war preparation plans announced • National Defense Act • Doubled the regular army and authorized a National Guard. • Naval Construction Act • Authorized up to $600 million for 3-year program of enlargement. • Revenue Act of 1916 • Raised money to pay for war preparations.

  11. Peace, Preparedness, and the Election of 1916 • Wilson (Dem) against Charles Evans Hughes (Rep) • Wilson campaigned on peace platform—“He kept us out of war”

  12. Wilson’s Final Peace Offensive • Wilson asked each side to state its war aims • Germany announced its new policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. • Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany. • The Zimmermann Telegram • Britain had intercepted and decoded a message from German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmermann to his minister in Mexico. • Suggested a German/Mexican alliance if U.S. enters war • A revolution overthrew Russia’s czarist government and created a Russian Republic (democracy) • illusion shattered in November 1917 when Bolsheviks seized power.

  13. America’s Entryinto the War • Declaration of war—April 2, 1917 • America’s early role in the war • Liberty Loan Act • Helped finance British and French war efforts • Token army of about 14,500 men under John J. Pershing sent to France • Selective Service Act • Training of soldiers at military camps • Only 2 million Am. would cross Atlantic

  14. Home Front • Regulation of industry and the economy • Food and Fuel administrations • Taught Americans to plant “victory gardens” and to use leftovers wisely. • War Industries Board • Labor • African Americans and Mexican immigrants migrated North • Women entered the workforce—mostly young, single

  15. Mobilizing Public Opinion • Committee on Public Information promoted 100% Americanism; distrusted all aliens, radicals, pacifists, and dissenters. German Americans were easy targets. • In Iowa the governor made it a crime to speak German in public • Hamburgers were renamed “Salisbury steak” • German measles, “liberty measles” • German stopped being taught in school • When a mob outside of St. Louis lynched a naturalized German American who had tried to enlist in the navy, a jury found the leaders not guilty

  16. Civil Liberties • Public opinion, aroused to promote war, turned to “Americanism” and witch-hunting • Espionage and Sedition Acts- criticism of government leaders or war policies was a crime. • Over 1,500 prosecutions with more than 1,000 convictions. • In Schenck v. United States, Supreme Court upheld acts.

  17. The Decisive Power • Until 1918, American troops played only a token role. • By November Germany was retreating all along the front. • Bolshevik revolution in Russia • Russians sign separate peace with Germans (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) • Allies send troops (8,000 Am) to support “Whites” against “Reds” in Russia—Origin of the Cold War? • The Fourteen Points • Open diplomacy, Freedom of the seas, National self-determination, league of nations, etc. • Armistice signed November 11, 1918

  18. Wilson’s Fight for Peace • Wilson’s domestic strength was declining • Democrats lose in the election of 1918 – Rep. take House & Senate. • Wilson failed to invite any Republicans to assist in the negotiations. • The negotiations in Paris • The League of Nations • Treaty of Versailles • France pushed for several harsh measures against Germany: Territorial concessions & Reparations

  19. Wilson’s Fight for the Treaty • Opposition in the Senate • The “Irreconcilables” • Wilson took his case to the American people • Delivered 32 addresses in 22 days • Suffered stroke on October 2 • Senate did not ratify Versailles Treaty. • The official end of the war came by joint resolution of Congress after Wilson left office.

  20. Effects of the War at Home • Progressivism ends (reform zeal channeled into war effort) • Increased democracy (women get to vote) –1920 19th Amendment • Order and efficiency in economy (Industry boards) • Workers—migration; improved working conditions (8hr work day) • Morality and Patriotism • laws against prostitution (disease and troops) • Prohibition • 100% Americanism

  21. United States’ World Status • Not isolation; but hesitant to provide world leadership • Strongest economic power in the world/not strongest military power • 1914—debtor nation (owed $3 million to other countries) • 1918—creditor nation (world owed U.S. $13 billion)

  22. The Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 (Spanish flu) • Pandemic killed over 22 million people worldwide • Twice the number that died in World War I • 5 times the number of Americans that died in World War I (500,000 deaths) • You were fined for spitting on the sidewalk or sneezing without a handkerchief • People began wearing surgical masks to work • Public facilities were closed (phone booths, theaters, churches) • 1 in 4 Americans contracted the illness • No disease, plague, war, famine, or natural catastrophe in world history had killed so many people in such a short time.

  23. Other Problems • Economic transition and labor unrest • Racial friction—violent race riots in 191 • The Red Scare • Directed against Socialists and Communists • Fear of a social revolution (like Russia’s) • Most violence was the work of the lunatic fringe, but many Americans saw it all as “Bolshevism” • Role of Palmer, attorney-general, in promoting Red Scare • Palmer raids • The Red Scare began to evaporate by the summer of 1920

  24. Nativism • Fear of anything foreign; heightened by increased immigration after 1919 • Immigration was restricted • East Asian immigration stopped • Quota system set to keep country just like it was (Ex. 2 percent in 1890 census) Bias toward “old” immigrants • Coolidge--- “America must be kept American” • Left the door open for Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Cubans • Klan resurfaces • Devoted to 100% Americanism • Targets blacks, Roman Catholics, Jews, and immigrants

  25. Significant Events 1901 Hay-Paunceforte treaty 1902 Platt Amendment ratified  1904 Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine  1907 “Great White Fleet” embarks on world tour  1911 Mexican Revolution erupts  1914 World War I begins  1915 Lusitania torpedoed  1916 General John J. Pershing invades Mexico  1917 Zimmermann telegram released  1918 Wilson’s Fourteen points for peace  1919 Paris Peace Conference; Senate rejects Treaty of Versailles

More Related