Chapter 10 “ And Black People Were at the Heart of It ” ; The United States Disunites over Slavery

1. Chapter 10 “And Black People Were at the Heart of It”; The United States Disunites over Slavery

2. I. Free Labor ~ Slave Labor • Slavery in the western lands • Legal or outlawed? • Divided the nation • Southern white people supported slavery • Northern whites people opposed slavery in territories • Racism • Competition for jobs

3. Free Labor ~ Slave Labor (cont.) • Free Labor • Slavery threatened white labor • Depressed white wages for labor • Labor: Demeaned in the south • Labor: Dignified in the North

4. The Wilmot Proviso • Mexican War • Prohibited slavery in lands acquired from Mexico • Passed in the House, Failed in the Senate • Southerners enraged • First step toward eliminating slavery

5. As a result of the war against Mexico, the United States acquired the regions shown on this map as California, Utah Territory, New Mexico Territory, and the portions of Texas not included in the Province of Texas.

6. Election of 1848 • Won by Zachary Taylor • Opposed by Martin Van Buren • Free soil party candidate • Opposed slavery in territories • Racist – some members joined who were against the presence of blacks in new western land • Abolitionist support

7. California and the Compromise of 1850 • Gold discovery lured thousands to California in 1849 • Applied for admission as a free state • Southern whites opposed • Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay tried to give something to everyone • California free state, end slave trade in Washington DC • Stronger fugitive slave labor law • No restrictions on Utah and New Mexico

8. Riches in California • Although white miners resented their presence, black men too sought riches in California in the great gold rush of 1849.

9. The Compromise of 1850 (cont.) • John C. Calhoun – southern senator “no California in USA as a free state” • William Seward – NY senator “no tougher fugitive slave law” • President Zachary Taylor – Opposed compromise, would veto if passed • Died in 1850, replaced by Millard Fillmore • President Fillmore accepted compromise • Stephen Douglas • Bill divided in separate parts • Won passage, CA free state, tougher fugitive slave laws

10. Fugitive Slave Laws • Fugitive slave law, 1793 • Permitted recovery of escaped slaves • Too weak to overcome northern resistance • Personal Liberty Laws, made it illegal for state law enforcement officials to help capture runaways. • State officials not obligated to aid recovery

11. Leaflets Like This Reflect the Outrage Many Northerners Felt • Leaflets like this reflect the outrage many Northerners felt in response to the capture and reenslavement of African Americans that resulted from the passage of a tougher Fugitive Slave Law as part of the Compromise of 1850.

12. Fugitive Slave Law, 1850 • Everyone must help capture suspects • Stiff fines or jail • Documents from home state or testimony of witnesses to claim runaway • Commissioners – Received $5 when declared captive free • Received $10 for captives returned to bondage – Claimed extra paper work • During duration of law, 332 returned to slavery, many kidnapped free people, 11 released • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z02Ie8wKKRg

13. Anthony Burns • Escaped from a Virginia slave owner in 1854 • Arrested in Boston, placed under heavy guard. Failed breakout attempt • U.S. troops sent to Boston • Authorities refused offers to buy Burns’ freedom • Thousands watched as Burns marched to ship that would return him to Virginia • Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison Burned a copy of the Constitution on July 4th and openly wept. • Months later, black Bostonians lead by church purchased Burns for $1,300, Burns settled and died in Ontario in 1862

14. Anthony Burns • The “trial” and subsequent return of Anthony Burns to slavery in 1854 resulted in the publication of a popular pamphlet in Boston. Documents like this generated increased support—and funds—for the abolitionist cause.

15. Margaret Garner • Tragic example of slaves desire for freedom • Escaped from Kentucky to Cincinnati in 1856 with others slaves • Owner tracked runaways and attempted to arrest the fugitives. Slaves refused to surrender. • Before arrested, she slits her daughter’s throat • Garner was disarmed before killing her two sons • She was arrested and charged with murder, but returned to Kentucky before prosecution. • Two sons sold to slavery in Arkansas • On the trip down the river, children and 24 others died in a ship wreck, fulfilling her wish that her children die rather than return to slavery. • Basis of Tony Morrison’s novel Beloved

16. COOL DOWN • Why was the expansion of slavery such a divisive issue?

17. Section 3

18. III. The Rochester Convention • African Americans, 1853 • Called for greater unity among black people • Sought ways to improve their economic prospects • Asserted claims to citizenship • Equal Legal Protection • Frederick Douglass • Called for vocational training

19. V. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harriet Beecher Stowe • Biggest contributor to anti slavery northerners • Sold 300,000 in 1852 • Made brutality of slavery personal • Infuriated southerners • False depiction of their way of life • Stowe had never visited the Deep South

20. Harriet Beecher Stowe • Harriet Beecher Stowe was a prolific writer. She wrote travel accounts, children’s books, and ten adult novels. Easily her best known work was Uncle Tom’s Cabin. It was first published in serial form in the anti-slavery weekly newspaper The National Era when Stowe was 40 years old.

21. VI. The Kansas-Nebraska Act • Stephen Douglas, 1854 • Territory was part of Indian Territory, necessary for transcontinental railroad • Popular Sovereignty – voters decide slave status • Repeal of Missouri Compromise • Won southern support

22. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (cont.) • Further Divided North and South • Violence erupted in Kansas and Congress

24. Bleeding Kansas • Popular Sovereignty allowed citizens of territory to decide the states slave status. • Border Ruffians – from Missouri invaded Kansas and illegally voted in elections • Anti-slavery northerners moved to vote in elections • Over 200 dead from violence over slavery status elections

25. VII. Preston Brooks and Charles Sumner • Charles Sumner – Mass. Senator • Speech “Crime against Kansas” in congress • Verbal attack against S.C. Senator Andrew Butler, who wasn’t present • Butlers Nephew Preston Brooks was present, S.C. representative • Two days later, Brooks confronted Sumner • Caned him in the head repeatedly

26. Sumner/Brooks Aftermath • Sumner suffered physical and emotional effects, never returning to the senate • Brooks fined $300 and easily won reelection • Northerners outraged by the brutality of Brooks, used as example of southern slave owners brutality • Southerners rejoiced, made Brooks a hero for fighting for his families honor.

27. VIII. The Dred Scott Decision • Dred Scott slave in Va., sued for freedom due to master bringing him to Illinois. • Questions for the court: • Could a black man sue in federal court? • Did taking a slave to a state or territory where bondage was prohibited free the slave? • Roger Taney – Supreme Court Justice • Blacks not citizens. • No rights the white man bound to respect. • Missouri Compromise unconstitutional

28. Scott Decision: Reaction • Divided country • Republicans horrified • Meetings and rallies • Frederick Douglass • Decision would help destroy slavery

29. COOL DOWN • Explain the role that the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Dred Scott decision played in further dividing the nation politically. • Explain the role that bleeding Kansas and the Sumner/Brooks incident played in further dividing the nation socially.

30. Section 4 • Abraham Lincoln and Black People

31. IX. White Northerners - Black Americans • Racism • Most white northerners remained racist • Indifferent, fearful, hostile toward people of color • Ohio, Illinois, Indiana white people: • Supported Fugitive Slave Law • Opposed slavery expansion • Free Blacks in Northern States • Indiana, Iowa banned blacks, free or slaves, 1851 • Illinois, 1853

32. Illinois Senate Race • 1858 Illinois senate election Stephen Douglas planned to use race to push him for President in 1860 • Opposed by Abraham Lincoln, series of seven debates that caught national attention • Neither Lincoln nor Douglas believed in racial equality. • Lincoln thought slavery was morally wrong and wanted to confine it to the states where it already existed. • Douglas tolerated slavery, believing that white Americans should choose the kind of society that they wanted. • In a now-famous speech, Lincoln stated that, “A house divided against itself cannot stand,” referring to the division between free and slave states.

33. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates • Stephen Douglas vs. Abraham Lincoln for Douglas’s senate seat • Main issues: slavery and race • Freeport Doctrine – attempt by Lincoln to trap Douglas on issues • Douglass didn’t want to offend either north or south. • Defended Dred Scott Decision and Popular Sovereignty • Allow people to continue to decide new states slavery status. • Need for a positive law to protect slavery

34. Abraham Lincoln and Black People • Lincoln did not believe in racial equality • Believed in the right to be paid for labor • “I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white, black races – that I am not nor ever have been in favor of making voters of jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people; and I will say in addition to this that there is a physical difference between the races which I believe will forever forbid the two races living together on terms of social and political equality.” • Lincoln lost election, viewed to win debate and gained national notoriety.

35. John Brown: Raid on Harpers Ferry • John Brown – Staunchly religious • Plan to attract and arm slaves • Goal incite insurrection and end slavery • Financial Support, secret six, local wealthy abolitionists • October 16th, 1859 raid begins • Stormed federal arsenal • Utter Failure • U.S. Marines wounded and captured Brown • Zero slaves freed, raiders were executed

36. John Brown Captured at Harpers Ferry • John Brown was captured in the Engine House at Harpers Ferry on October 18, 1859. He was quickly tried for treason and convicted. On December 2, 1859, he was hanged. Although his raid failed to free a single slave, it helped catapult the nation toward civil war.

37. Raid and Reaction • Increased tensions, North and South • Southerners traumatized and terrified • Northern approval enraged southerners • Justified long-held beliefs about northern agitation • Execution • Brown becomes a northern hero • Moved South closer to secession and end to slavery

38. Cool Down • Summarize Abraham Lincolns stance on slavery and race relations before running for president.

39. Section 5

40. XIII. The Election of Abraham Lincoln • Four candidates, 1860 election • John Bell • John C. Breckenridge • Stephen Douglas • Abraham Lincoln • Democratic Party split ensured Lincoln’s victory • Not on ballot in most southern states • Abolitionists feared Lincoln too tolerant of slavery

41. The Election of 1860

42. The Election of 1860 • The results reflect the sectional schism over slavery. Lincoln carried the election although he won only in northern states. His name did not even appear on the ballot in most southern states.

43. The Union Collapses • On December 20, 1860, South Carolina officially seceded. Six other states of the Lower South followed. • In early February 1861, these states proclaimed themselves a new nation, the Confederate States of America,or Confederacy. • Jefferson Davis, a former senator from Mississippi, became president of the Confederacy.

44. Disunion • Lincoln tried to calm southern fears • “Only” dispute was over the expansion of slavery • Promised to enforce the Constitution • Not interfere with slavery where it existed • Not tolerate secession

45. The Civil War Begins • Lincoln is sworn in March 4, 1861 • Doesn’t accept southern succession, vows not to attack first • South Carolina Fort Sumter, US federal base • Fort was exhausted of its supplies, requested to be restocked • Lincoln decided to send food, not arms or soldiers, fearing an attack • Confederate troops attacked and took the fort

46. Outcome of Fort Sumter • Now that the South was the aggressor, Lincoln realized that war was the only way • April 15, 1861 declared war on the Confederacy • Called for 75,000 volunteers • Southerners saw Lincoln’s action as an act of war. • The Upper Southstates of Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas seceded and joined the Confederacy, while the Border States remained uncommitted to either side.

47. The Union and Confederacy After the surrender of Fort Sumter, more states joined the Confederacy, making it one of the largest republics in the world.

48. Deepening Crisis over Slavery