Chapter 6

1. Chapter 6 U.S. History to 1877 Mr. Chancery

2. Unit Two Alabama Course of Study • Trace the chronology of events leading to the American Revolution. • Describe the political system of the United States. • Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.

3. Chapter 6 • The Washington Administration • The Adams Administration • The Jefferson Administration • The Madison Administration

4. The Washington Administration • Election of George Washington 1788 • Washington’s Cabinet • Hamilton and the Treasury • Washington’s First Administration • French Revolution • Jay’s Treaty • Whiskey Rebellion • Development of Political Parties • Washington’s Farewell Address

5. The Election of George Washington 1788 • George Washington was elected as the nation’s first president in 1788. • He was inaugurated on April 30, 1789. • John Adams was elected as vice-president. George Washington John Adams

6. The Election of George Washington 1788 • Washington did not officially belong to a political party. • His views usually sided with the Federalists. • The Federalists maintained control of the government from 1789 until 1801. • This period is known as the Federalist Era. George Washington John Adams

7. Washington’s Cabinet • Washington selected a Cabinet, a group of advisors who head national agencies. • Washington appointed four men to his cabinet: • Henry Knox—Secretary of War • Edmund Randolph—Attorney General: “nation’s chief law officer and legal advisor”- 166. • Thomas Jefferson— Secretary of State: nation’s chief diplomat in dealing with foreign relations • Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury

8. Washington’s Cabinet

9. Hamilton and the Treasury • After the Revolutionary War, both the nation and the states had a large debt to repay. • Hamilton proposed the Assumption Plan. • It called for the national government to assume (to take for its own) the war debts of the states. Alexander Hamilton

10. Hamilton and the Treasury • The South opposed the plan because it had paid most of its debts back. • Thomas Jefferson, a Virginian, also opposed the plan. • Hamilton, Jefferson, and their supporters made a compromise: • Jefferson would support the Assumption Plan. • Hamilton would support moving the capital to a more southern location. Thomas Jefferson

11. Hamilton and the Treasury • Hamilton also proposed the Whiskey Excise Tax. • The revenue would help pay off the national debt. • Whiskey was very important to economy, especially in Pennsylvania. • Whiskey was one of the few products that could be transported to the markets without spoiling.

12. Hamilton and the Treasury • Hamilton also proposed the creation of a national bank. • Creating a national bank was a constitutional issue. • Alexander Hamilton used the elastic clause to justify creating a bank. • Hamilton supported a “loose construction” view of the Constitution. • Jefferson did not believe the Constitution gave the government power to create a national bank. • Jefferson supported a “strict construction” view of the Constitution. • He believed the Constitution did not specifically give Congress that power.

13. Thomas Jefferson “Strict Construction” View of the Constitution Alexander Hamilton “Loose Construction” View of the Constitution Thomas Jefferson “Strict Construction” View of the Constitution

14. Washington’s First Administration • Washington realized his administration was establishing precedents for how to govern. • “A precedent is an act or statement that becomes an example, rule, or tradition to be followed.” • Washington was unanimously reelected in 1792 to a second term. • Washington faced more criticism. George Washington

15. The French Revolution • The French Revolution had begun shortly after George Washington took office in 1789. • Most Americans supported the French Revolution at first. • By 1793, radicals in France had seized control. • They began the Reign of Terror.

16. The French Revolution • The revolutionary government executed thousands of people. • King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette were also executed. • Americans soon became divided over the French Revolution. Queen Marie Antoinette

17. Execution of King Louis XVI

18. The French Revolution • France declared war on Britain. • The U.S. did not want to take sides in the war between Britain and France. Queen Marie Antoinette

19. The French Revolution • George Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality on April 22, 1793. • The U.S. wanted to keep trading with both the French and the British. • Thomas Jefferson was pro-French and wanted America to support France. • Alexander Hamilton was pro-British and wanted America to support Britain. Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton

21. The French Revolution • In 1793, “Citizen” Edmond Genêt became the French ambassador to the U.S. • He tried to recruit Americans to fight with the French against the British. • George Washington asked France to recall its ambassador. “Citizen” Edmond Genêt

22. The French Revolution • While Genêt was in the U.S., France had restored the monarchy. • Genêt was afraid to return to France for fear of his life. • Washington allowed him to stay in the U.S. if he lived a quiet life out of politics. “Citizen” Edmond Genêt

23. Jay’s Treaty • Great Britain violated U.S. neutrality. • The British Royal Navy seized American ships trading in the French West Indies. • In 1794, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to Britain to negotiate a treaty. John Jay

24. Jay’s Treaty John Jay  • Both sides made concessions in Jay’s Treaty: • The British promised to pay damages for the recent seizures of American ships. • If American ships were captured carrying French goods, then the British could take the ships to British ports and seize the property on board.

25. Jay’s Treaty • Jay’s Treaty was very unpopular in the U.S. • It did not protect American shipping. • An effigy of John Jay was burned after the treaty. • Jay’s Treaty postponed war with Britain. • It also gave the U.S. time to strengthen its military. John Jay

26. Whiskey Rebellion • In western Pennsylvania, many people refused to pay Hamilton’s Whiskey Excise Tax. • Rebels used violence similar to Shays’ Rebellion. • This rebellion was called the Whiskey Rebellion. • President Washington sent an army to the Pittsburgh area to crush the rebellion. • It proved the strength of the federal government when the rebels dispersed before Washington’s troops arrived.

28. Washington’s troops going to crush the Whiskey Rebellion

29. Development of Political Parties • By the end of Washington’s second term, it was obvious that two political parties were beginning to form. • “A political party is a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to shape government policy and programs.” George Washington

30. Alexander Hamilton Development of Political Parties • The two groups began to organize themselves behind two influential men: • Alexander Hamilton • Thomas Jefferson. • The Federalists supported Alexander Hamilton. • The Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson

31. Development of Political Parties • They called themselves Republicans or Democratic-Republicans. • They stood for a more democratic republic. • To avoid confusion, historians call them the Jeffersonian Republicans. • This party is not the same Republican Party as today. Thomas Jefferson

32. Washington’s Farewell Address • President Washington decided not to run for a third term in 1796. • Washington gave his Farewell Address in 1796. • He warned against the formation of political parties. • He also supported neutrality in foreign affairs. George Washington

33. 6.2 The Adams Administration • The Election of 1796 • The XYZ Affair • The Alien and Sedition Acts • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions • Election of 1800

34. Unit Two Alabama Course of Study • Trace the chronology of events leading to the American Revolution. • Describe the political system of the United States. • Identify key cases that helped shape the United States Supreme Court.

35. John Adams The Election of 1796 • The Federalists supported John Adams for President in the election of 1796. • The Federalists supported Thomas Pinckney for Vice President. Thomas Pinckney

36. The Election of 1796 Thomas Jefferson • Democratic Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson for President. • They supported Aaron Burr who ran for Vice President. • John Adams won the election with 71 electoral votes. • Thomas Jefferson received 68 electoral votes. Aaron Burr

37. The Election of 1796 • Originally, the Constitution gave the Vice Presidency to the person who received the second highest number of electoral votes. • For the first and only time in American history, the United States had a president of one party and a vice president of another party.

38. The XYZ Affair • The French were upset because of the Jay’s Treaty with Britain. • France began seizing American ships and imprisoning American sailors. • John Adams tried to avoid war by sending representatives to France to negotiate a treaty. • This decision was unpopular. • Many Federalists wanted to go to war with France. John Jay John Adams

39. The XYZ Affair • The representatives arrived in France. • Three men claimed to speak for the French foreign minister Talleyrand. • They demanded that the U.S. give France a bribe (or tribute) of $250,000 and a loan of $12 million. • The money had to be paid before beginning negotiations. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

40. The XYZ Affair • This was a standard procedure in European diplomacy. • Adams was informed how the American representatives had been treated. • He informed Congress that attempts for peace with France had failed. • He also said that the U.S. should begin preparing for war. Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord

41. The XYZ Affair • The pro-French Democratic Republicans thought Adams was rushing into war. • They demanded to see the official records from the representatives. • After changing the names of the 3 agents to X, Y, and Z, Adams agreed to print the records.

42. The XYZ Affair • After reading the records, the Democratic Republicans realized that demanding copies of the records was a mistake. • Adams ordered 10,000 copies of the XYZ Affair. • The printing resulted in increased support for war with the French and heightened Adams’ popularity.

43. The XYZ Affair • The XYZ Affair led to an undeclared naval war with France. • Most Americans became anti-French and supported war against France. • John Adams made preparations for war.

44. The XYZ Affair • He made another attempt at peace with France. • His decision was unpopular. • It was good for the country. • It prevented full scale war with France. • John Adams lost the support of the Federalist Party.

45. Alien and Sedition Acts • The Federalists in Congress took advantage of the war crisis and moved to weaken their opponents. • Congress passed the Alien Acts. • The Naturalization Act increased the time it took a person to become an American citizen from 5 to 14 years. • Through the Alien and the Alien Enemies Act, the President could imprison or deport citizens of other countries living in the United States.

46. Alien and Sedition Acts • Congress passed the Sedition Act: • It banned people from writing, speaking, or publishing any words against the American government. • Violators could be fined or jailed. • Twenty-five Americans were arrested (Ten were convicted) as a result. • Most of the people who were arrested were Republican newspaper editors. • The Democratic Republicans would use these laws to discredit the Federalists in the Election of 1800.

47. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Thomas Jefferson • Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wrote the resolutions. • They implied that the states had the power to decide when Congress had exceeded its authority. • Kentucky and Virginia claimed to be able to nullify federal laws which they considered unconstitutional. James Madison

48. The Election of 1800 • John Adams faced several disadvantages in the election of 1800: • Adams lost Federalist support by avoiding war with France. • The Alien and Sedition Acts turned the Jeffersonian Republicans against him completely. John Adams

49. The Election of 1800 • The campaign was bitter: • Jefferson’s campaign compared Adams’ to a powerful dictator. • Adams’s campaign claimed that Jefferson would send the nation into anarchy.

50. The Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson • No candidate received the majority of the electoral votes. • Jefferson won the popular vote. • He did not win a majority in the Electoral College. • He tied with his vice presidential running mate, Aaron Burr. Aaron Burr