Presentation Transcript

1. 1789 – 1800

2. Alexander Hamilton He was one of the youngest and most brilliant of the Founding Fathers, who might have been president but for his ultraconservatism, a scandalous adultery, and a duelist’s bullet. Hamilton favored a strong central government with a weak legislature to unify the infant nation and encourage industry. His chief rival, Thomas Jefferson, who extolled states’ rights as a bulwark of liberty and thought the United States should remain an agricultural society, regarded Hamilton as a monarchist plotter and never forgave him for insisting that “the British Govt. was the best in the world: and that he doubted much whether any thing short of it would do in America.”
3. Hamilton Born in West Indies Served as Washington’s aid in the Revolution Wanted to concentrate debt in the national government Way to monitor/regulate state banks Modeled after Bank of England
4. “Make debt an asset for vitalizing the financial system as well as the government itself” p 203 Urged Congress to “fund” the entire national debt “at par” and to assume completely the debts incurred by the states during the recent war Wide speculation of bonds
5. Strict vs. Loose Interpretation Hamilton’s Views: What was not forbidden in the Constitution was permitted. A bank was “Necessary and Proper” He evolved the Elastic Clause – Congress has power to “make all laws necessary and proper to carry out its function” Jefferson’s Views: What was not permitted was forbidden. A bank should be a state controlled item (9th Am.) The Constitution should be interpreted literally and strictly
6. Bank of the US Hamilton won Bank of the United States created in 1791 – chartered for 20 years Located in Philadelphia Capital of $10 million Stocks open to public sale
7. Whiskey Rebellion Excise Tax approved by Congress 1791 - 7 cents on a gallon of Whiskey
8. Whiskey Rebellion 1794 farmers in western Pennsylvania revolt Challenged the new national government Washington summons state militias 13,000 troops appear Significance: government strengthened Some argue the force was too much
9. Foreign Affairs Jeffersonians = Pro-French Federalists = Pro-British Jeffersonians upset because WA passes Neutrality without consulting Congress Citizen Genet France French Revolution Some favored honoring the Franco-American alliance of 1778 Washington and Hamilton push for delay and favor inaction Neutrality Proclamation 1793 – America is neutral and urges citizens to impartial as well
10. Foreign Affairs Britain Jay’s Treaty 1795 Strained relations British troops still in NW Territory Begin to impress sailors and seize American ships British agree to pay damages for lost cargo Evacuate military posts in west Did avoid war But never pledged to stop seizing ships or impressing sailors Trading rights for neutral nations were not protected
11. Spain Pinckney Treaty 1795 Treaty gave Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and large part of northern Florida 31 Parallel boundary with Florida
12. Political Parties Emerge Federalists Democratic-Republicans Who: Hamilton, Washington, Adams Where: Northeast Issues: strong central government, pro-business Loose Interpretation Pro-British Who: Jefferson and Madison Where: South and West Issues: States rights and small farmers Strict Interpretation Pro-French
13. Farewell from Washington Warns against binding, permanent alliances Condemned political parties
14. John Adams Member of the Continental Congress Attorney From Massachusetts Served as a diplomat to France during American Revolution VP under Washington Hamilton favored at first but falls out of favor due to financial policies that benefitted speculators
15. Election of 1796 Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) ran against Adams for Presidency Adams wins majority vote = Federalist (71) Jefferson becomes VP = Democratic Republican (68) This two-party combination was addressed with the Twelfth Amendment (1804)
16. Quasi-War with France French angered by Jay’s Treaty and seize American ships Adams sends diplomats to Paris French foreign minister refuses to meet with delegation XYZ Affair – 3 officials offer bribe of $250,000 to meet with officials Wave of patriotism and anti-French sentiment
17. “Unofficial fighting with France” Americans and French skirmish in Caribbean No declaration of war DR still sympathetic to French Federalist Congress passes legislation to suppress opposition to war against France
18. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) 3 aimed at foreigners (leaned to DR Party) President could expel any foreigner deemed a threat to the nation Foreigners could be deported or jailed by President during war time Residency for citizenship extended from 5 to 14 years Sedition Act Highly controversial Limited free speech: Illegal to defame or criticize President or Government Aimed at newspapers critical of federalists and war critics Is it a violation of the First Amendment? 10 Jeffersonian editors tried and convicted Matthew Lyon (the Spitting Lion) Federalists intentionally write law to expire in 1801 to ensure it would not be used against them in the chance of losing the election
19. Impact Federalists believe war was imminent Jeffersonians saw it as proof that individual liberties were at stake in the hands of a strong central government
20. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions State legislatures pass legislation in response to taxes on citizens States could judge constitutionality of laws passed by Congress If national government overstepped its powers, states could nullify laws
21. Authors anonymous at first because fear of retribution of Sedition Act James Madison wrote VA’s Resolution Thomas Jefferson wrote KY’s Resolution President had signed laws and VP writing resolutions to upturn same legislation
22. Native Americans Henry Knox (WA’s Sec of War) implements policy of assimilation Somewhat successful Belief that American culture was superior to Indian culture Many Natives used traditional and European items in daily life Still many white Americans saw Native Americans in Ohio Valley as a barrier to settlement in the West
23. Northwest Territory organized by land ordinances under Articles of Confederation Violence existed because US never negotiated with Natives for access to land Natives defeat Americans in two skirmishes, one killing more than 600 whites
24. Native Americans British, in defiance of Treaty of Paris, still occupy forts in NW and supply Natives to help resist Americans 1794: Battle of Fallen Timbers – General “Mad” Anthony Wayne Defeat the Miamis, British refuse to shelter Miamis so they seek peace with Americans Treaty of Greenville Give up tracts in Old Northwest (IN, OH) Natives receive - $20,000, annual annuity of $9,000, right to hunt, recognition of their sovereign status Establishes US as dominant power and opens Ohio Valley to US settlement
25. Key Concept: Dividing governmental power Should the government be allowed to pass legislation like the Alien and Sedition Acts? During wartime? Does the Bill of Rights go far enough, or too far, in protecting civil liberties? How strong should the central government be in relation to the states?
26. Age of Jefferson 1800 – 1815
27. Election of 1800 Federalists were split as President Adams sought peace with France The Press attacked Adams as a monarchist attacking individual liberties; Hamilton’s pamphlet published by JDR’s Jefferson attacked as well; atheist, radical, Sally Hemings
28. Presidential Election of 1800 (with electoral vote by state) New York was the key state in this election, and Aaron Burr helped swing it away from the Federalists with tactics that anticipated the political “machines” of a later day. Federalists complained that Burr “travels every night from one meeting of Republicans to another, haranguing . . . them to the most zealous exertions. [He] can stoop so low as to visit every low tavern that may happen to be crowded with his dear fellow citizens.” But Burr proved that the price was worth it. “We have beat you,” Burr told kid-gloved Federalists after the election, “by superior Management.”
29. Election of 1800 Jefferson popular in the South Aaron Burr gained votes in NY Problem – Jefferson and Burr tie in Electoral College Solution – House of Representatives had to chose winner Federalists dominate HoR After several ballots, Jefferson declared winner Adams was the last Federalist president Unable to yield to American public – unable to evolve, they died Jefferson inaugurated in new capital of Washington, D.C. (March 4, 1801)
30. Impact of the Election of 1800 Twelfth Amendment Electors would cast separate votes for president and vice president Peaceful transfer of power showed success of American experiment in democracy
31. Thomas Jefferson Influenced by the Enlightenment Read Greek and Latin Designer and architect – designed Monticello Popularized the polygraph which made copies of letters Shy, over six feet, red hair Not a great public speaker  sent State of the Union to Congress instead of delivering himself (precedent lasts until Woodrow Wilson) Often meet visitors in robe and slippers
32. Jefferson Early Career in Government Member of Continental Congress authored Declaration of Independence Governor of Virginia Minister to France
33. A Man of Contradictions Beliefs/Writings Reality Value of common man All Are Equal Limited government power No intermixture Monticello and money Slave owner Bought Louisiana Sally Hemings
34. “Jeffersonian Restraint” Pardons those convicted under Sedition Act New naturalization law returns years to 5 from 14 to be a citizen Persuades Congress to repeal Hamilton's excise tax Burden to farmers Bred bureaucracy Costs government roughly a million a year
35. Courts Adams named several Federalists to positions in the judiciary Goal: maintain Federalist influence in the government 12 judges nicknamed the “midnight judges”
36. William Marbury Set to become a justice for Washington D.C. Never received commission James Madison (new Secretary of State) refused to deliver commission Marbury sued Madison Claimed Judiciary Act of 1789 required delivery of such documents
37. Marbury v. Madison John Marshall (another midnight Adams appointee) was Chief Justice He actually failed to deliver the commission Conundrum: Marshall was a cousin of Jefferson and knew Jefferson would ignore the ruling if in favor of Marbury Significance – the Court would become subservient to the other branches of government
38. John Marshall on Assuming the Chief Justiceship, 1801 Depicted here as a young man, Marshall was destined to serve on the Supreme Court for thirty-four years and deeply molded constitutional law. Born in a log cabin on the Virginia frontier, he attended law lectures for just a few weeks at the College of William and Mary— his only formal education. Yet Marshall would go on to prove himself a brilliant chief justice. One admiring lawyer wrote of him, “His black eyes . . . possess an irradiating spirit, which proclaims the imperial powers of the mind that sits enthroned therein.”
39. Court Decisions Madison should deliver the commission, but the Supreme Court couldn’t force him The Constitution never gave the Court the power to issue such rulings The section of the Judiciary Act granting this power was unconstitutional
40. Impact Short Term: Courts lost power to force delivery of commissions Long Term: Established power of Judicial Review Judicial Review: power of Courts to review constitutionality of laws Significant because it made Supreme Court equal to other branches in the federal government
41. Pacifist Turned Warrior Jefferson reduces militia to 2500 men and navies reduced as well Standing armies seen as open invitations to tyrannical rule Jefferson’s republican ideals pushed with the emerging problem in the North African Barbary States Pirates looting US ships 1801 – pasha informally declares war by cutting down flagstaff at American consulate Jefferson responds by dispatching gunboats to the “shores of Tripoli”
42. Tripolitan War 1801-1805 Peace treaty - $60,000 (merely ransom for captive Americans) Jefferson enthusiastically calls for 200 gunboats to be built “Mosquito Fleet” not very sturdy One ship ends up 8 miles inland in Savannah, Georgia Federalists mock his decision
43. Philadelphia Ship was captured and set to be used against Americans Stephen Decatur burns the ship to the waterline
44. Louisiana Purchase 1800 – Napoleon signs pact with Spain to cede Louisiana territory to France (including Port of New Orleans) 1802 – Spaniards deny American farmers right to deposit goods to transport (was guaranteed by Pinckney’s Treaty) Spain’s power declining in US France’s power escalating under Napoleon Jefferson decides to act quickly
45. America’s Response James Monroe sent to Paris to join forces with Robert Livingston (minister to France) Instructed to buy as much land as possible to the east, not to exceed $10 million Livingston accepts Napoleon’s offer of $15 million and all the land to the west Napoleon’s offer stemmed from unrest in Haiti and Napoleon’s desire to renew war with Britain
46. Toussaint L’Overture A self-educated ex-slave and military genius, L’Ouverture was finally betrayed by the French, who imprisoned him in a chilly dungeon in France, where he coughed his life away. Indirectly, he did much to set up the sale of Louisiana to the United States. His slave rebellion in Haiti also (briefly) established the first black government in the New World, striking fear into the hearts of slave-owners throughout the Western Hemisphere.
47. Louisiana Purchase April 30, 1803 – Louisiana Purchase finalized Jefferson, a strict interpreter of the Constitution, goes against his beliefs to approve LP Senate approved Average 3 cents per acre Doubled size of US
48. Impact of Louisiana Purchase Precedent of acquiring land through purchase Avoided possible problems with France And consequently an entangling alliance with Britain Incorporation of new lands into Union as equals Federal govt accept legal code of French Louisiana Louisiana legal code based on French civil law, unlike the other states based on British civil law
49. The Corps of Discovery Jefferson’s secretly convenes Congress to dispatch Lewis and Clark Jefferson a Deist, fascinated by the West Meriwether Lewis Jefferson’s aide William Clark Army officer 27 additional members
50. The Mission of the Corps Scientific Expedition Study and survey the land, plants, animals Determine economic potential Study Native American culture and lifestyle; possibly establish a trade network Successes: Detailed observations in journals Biased descriptions of Natives but informative about lifestyle and Native culture Improved U.S. claim to Oregon country
51. Aaron Burr Increasing fear of secession and foreign influence in the large territory Burr and other Federalists plot the secession of New England and New York Hamilton exposes plot to Jefferson Burr challenges Hamilton Hamilton felt his honor was at stake, accepts challenge but refuses to shoot Hamilton dies and with it goes the Federalist’s last hope of effective leadership U.S. acquires land but finds it difficult to govern it effectively
52. Foreign Affairs Napoleon provokes war with England Trade suffers Orders in Council – closed European ports under French control to foreign shipping unless ships stopped in British ports first Napoleon orders seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports America unable to trade with either nation without facing harsh consequences
53. War of 1812: Causes Trading rights and impressment of American sailors War in Europe  America neutral and benefits by trading grain 1805 both British and French forces blockade other’s trade and start seizing American ships British impressment of sailors Pay and conditions were poor for British sailors (some desert to American side) Royal Navy searches American ships and forced British sailors to return along with 6,000 Americans
54. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair Chesapeake – US war ship; refuses to be boarded by Leopard – British frigate; fire canons at close range and kill 3 Americans and wound others Affair angers Americans Response – Jefferson passes Embargo Act
55. Embargo Act (1807) 1. Prohibited all U.S. exports Intent: European reliance on American goods would force recognition of neutral rights Result: failure; unemployment rose and policy was unpopular in US Madison’s Response (1809) Loosely supported embargo Ships still being seized Americans turn anger toward British because Britain controlled the seas
56. War of 1812: Causes 2. British support of Native American resistance to US presence in NW Territory Settlers move west and come into conflict with Natives Natives angered with American officials negotiating with Indians who had no authority to speak with American officials Settlers often violated terms of treaties Tecumseh (Shawnee Chief) An experienced Warrior Worked with brother; the Prophet Aimed to create an Indian Confederacy of all Indians from Canada to the American south Encouraged Indian settlement in towns like Tippecanoe as a challenge to Americans
57. Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison (Gov of Indiana) concerned about Indian resistance The Prophet called for an attack on Harrison’s forces Natives were outnumbered and were defeated and the town was burned Harrison becomes the hero of Tippecanoe Tecumseh convinced on necessity of allying with British to stop American expansion
58. Conflict in NW Territory Natives begin to work more closely with British Harrison called for war against Indians and British
59. War of 1812: Causes 3. election of new congressional members called War Hawks Supporters of war with GB Strongest in South and West Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun Some call for annexation of Canada
60. Declaration of War Opposition strong in Federalist states like New York and New England June 1812 – Madison sends list of grievances to Congress June 1812 – Congress issues first declaration of war Critics called it “Mr. Madison’s War”
61. War of 1812 Fighting lasts a little over 2 years Early on, Americans led unsuccessful invasions of Canada Surrender of Fort Detroit Oliver Perry defeats British at Put-in-Bay giving Americans control of Lake Eerie Tecumseh killed at the Battle of the Thames Battle of Bladensburg – Americans routed and British move towards D.C.
62. War of 1812 1814 - D.C. unprotected and British burn Washington including presidential mansion Britain withdraws from D.C. the following day after damaging capitol building
63. Treaty of Ghent American and British officials meet in Belgium Agree to end hostilities Terms restore relations to pre-war status Takes 2 months for news of the terms to reach America Fighting continued Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson’s troops vs. 6,000 British soldiers 21 casualties vs. 2,000 Battle is after peace agreement but is symbolic victory for Americans
64. Hartford Convention (1814-1815) Federalists meet in Hartford, CT to discuss grievances with war Some talk of secession from Union Talk of Constitutional Amendments 1. require a 2/3 vote to declare war Prohibit election of two successive Presidents from the same state Aimed at VA Dynasty (Jefferson and Madison) When news of Treaty of Ghent and Jackson’s victory spreads, Federalists viewed as traitors and Convention seen as nail in the coffin for Federalist Party
65. Resulting Theme of the Period Rise of Nationalism White House Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key while imprisoned at Fort McHenry New hero: Andrew Jackson
66. Discussion Questions Did the Supreme Court decisions under John Marshall’s leadership extend federal power too much? Is it appropriate that someone who was not elected should have such tremendous power to shape the government and the law? Is it appropriate that a political party’s ideology be implemented through the judiciary? To what extent was the War of 1812 truly a Second War for Independence? Consider the battles, the politics, and the peace settlement.