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Intelligence. Intelligence. Is intelligence a thing or a concept? When we think of intelligence as a fixed thing, we are making a reasoning error called reification (viewing an abstract concept as if it were a concrete thing). Intelligence.
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Intelligence • Is intelligence a thing or a concept? • When we think of intelligence as a fixed thing, we are making a reasoning error called reification (viewing an abstract concept as if it were a concrete thing)
Intelligence • When we say she has an IQ of 120 – we are reifying IQ…why? • We are saying it is something she has, rather than once obtained on a test
Intelligence • Socially constructed • Examples? • The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, & use knowledge to adapt to new situations
General intelligence • Factor analysis – statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (factors) on a test -meaning clusters of test items that measure common ability • Example – people who score well on vocab do well on reading
General intelligence • The Hunt for Intell -- If you can test for it, it will appear. . . • THE PSYCHOMETRIC APPROACH describes the structure of intell. by emphasizing the products of Intell. Is it one trait or a variety of traits?
General Intelligence (continued) • Spearman found positive correlations for scores on most tests of mental ability. • g factor = general traits • s-factors – skills for specific tasks.
General Intelligence (continued) • L. L. Thurstone rejected g factor. But stressed Factor analysis as a totally independent assessment of primary mental abilities. • He opposed a singular general intelligence
General Intelligence (cont…) • Raymond B. Cattell argued that g exists, but in two forms. • Fluid intellinvolves reasoning skills and relating ideas to each other. It stays stable in adulthood and declines later in life. • Crystallized intell is specific knowledge gained by applying fluid intell. It continues to grow with age.
Contemporary Intelligence Theories • Howard Gardner – intelligence comes in different packages • Ancestors not considered intelligent by today’s standards – but hey, they survived • Studied Savant Syndrome • People with limited mental abilities but excel in one area • Film clip
Contemporary Theories cont... • Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences – each is relatively independent of the other • Involve a set of problem solving skills
Contemporary Theories Cont… So are these truly intelligences or are they skills?
Contemporary Theories Cont… • Sternberg’s triarchic theory: has 3 intelligences- • Analytical intelligence-assessed by intelligence tests with problems having a single right answer • Creative intell-reacting adaptively to new situations and generating creative ideas • Practical intell-required for everyday tasks which often have many solutions
Emotional intelligence • Ability to perceive, understand, manage & use emotions. • Perceive=recognize them in faces, music, stories • Understand=predict emotions & how they change • Manage=express them in different situations • Use= use creative thinking
Intelligence and creativity • Creativity is the ability to produce new and effective solutions to challenges. • People who do well on intelligence tests usually do well on creativity tests…
Intelligence & Creativity continued… • Expertise- well developed base of knowledge…more ideas, images, phrases we have more ways to creatively solve a problem • Imaginative thinking skills- the ability to see things in new ways; recognize patterns to make connections • Venturesome personality- looks for new experiences • Intrinsic motivation-motivated by interest-not external pressures • Creative environment-mentored, challenged, supported
Intelligence and Creativity cont… • Divergent thinking is the ability to think along many paths to generate many solutions to a problem. • More than one solution to the problem • Convergent thinking is the ability to think logically to come up with one answer • Divergent thinking tests measure the number of different or unusual plausible responses that one can list for each item.
Creativity Test Defying IQ testings = the Creative approach • Discover TEN nouns in the Dictionary = Stimulus words!!!! (5 minutes) 2. Define each stimulus word; Beee creative (silly is allowed) (7minutes) 3. Apply each stimulus word to the development of a Coffee maker; HD TV; Lap top Computer (10 minutes) 4. Design a Practical; three-dimensional device that was selected in #3 using at least 7 stimulus words created in #1.
Critique- Evaluation • Was your design truly unique, creative, unusual and practical? • What inspired NEW ideas c. How do we accept NEW? d. How does one suspend “DISBELIEF” . . .it won’t work e. Define deductive and inductive reasoning.
Assessing Intelligence • Intelligence tests-method for assessing a person’s mental aptitudes & comparing them to others.
Intelligence review… • Mental ability is the capacity to reason, remember, understand, solve problems, and make decisions. • Western cultures indicate mental ability in terms of thought . . the pursuit of intelligence! (Intell)
History of intelligence testing • In 1904, the French gov’t hired Alfred Binet to ID school children needing special instruction. • Binet assumed that intell increased with age, so his test used age-graded tasks to ID mental age. • A dull child-tests below peers; bright tests above peers.
History of intelligence testing • Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon • Developed child’s mental age: the chronological age typical of a given level of performance • Average 9 year old has mental age of a 9 year old (brilliant right?) • Did not try to find out WHY children were below average
History continued… • Lewis Terman • wrote an English version of Binet’s test, the Stanford-Binet. Terman devised the IQ, orintelligence quotient • IQ=Mental Age (MA) x100 chronological age • Most no longer do this; use mental age relative to average performance of others of same age
History cont… • In 1912 Henry Goddard created a test stressing English writing skills and American culture for immigration purposes. • In 1949, Wechslerdeveloped the modern test w/ 11 subtests. WAIS:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale • Overall intelligence score + separate scores for verbal comp, perceptual organization, working memory & processing speed
History cont… • Most people score near the middle, so that has set the? • norm • Normal curve: symmetrical bell-shaped curve clustered around the middle (average)
