Intelligence • What qualities does someone have who is intelligent?
Intelligence Tests • Intelligence: ability to think rationally, act purposefully, respond to environment • Fluid reasoning: similar, impossible • Knowledge: how things work, vocab • Quantitative reasoning: #s, patterns • Visual-spatial processing: shapes • Working memory: order, last digits • IQ (intelligence quotient) • mental age / chronological age
Intelligence & Success • What attributes are related to success? • Intelligence, but also: • Motivation • Creativity
Where does intelligence come from? • Heredity (about 50%) • Genes for memory, brain structures, neuron communication, disorders • Environment • Prenatal: nutrition, drugs, stress, sounds • Postnatal: nutrition, interaction, practice, enriched environment, disease, toxins, encouragement/pressure • Adopted Twin Studies – who do we get intelligence from? • best predictor = person who raised you
Units of Thought • Thinking: mental representation • attention, pattern recognition, memory, decision-making, intuition, knowledge • Images: picture representations • Ex. What you were wearing yesterday • Ex. (Kinesthetic) remembering dialing • Concepts: ideas that represent categories • ex. cup, chair, cat • Concept formation: classifying by rules • Ex. vegetable vs. fruit
Concepts • conjunctive concepts: at least 2 features (this and that) • Ex. rollerskates • relational concepts: compared to others • Ex. sister • disjunctive concepts: at least one • Ex. a minority • Thinking in concepts takes no effort, is immediate, and becomes automatic as we age
Prototypes • prototypes: most typical representation • Ex. muscle car • What kind of music is this? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pR30knJs4Xk • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZXc39hT8t4&feature=artistob&playnext=1&list=TLGBFlP9-ZwiI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0gRzVPMeW0 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NhKK8Y-wIo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDprYZ-tgiA • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x59kS2AOrGM • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2Rch6WvPJE&feature=artistob&playnext=1&list=TLov2Am8u_lzo • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nl4opbNt8_E
Activity Create conceptual rules of classifying music into types & pick a prototype Example: Bluegrass music • conjunctive concepts: 2+ features • Must have at least a banjo and guitar • relational concepts: compared to others • More “breakdowns” than country • disjunctive concepts: at least one • Uses a fiddle or mandolin or harmonica • prototypes: most typical representation • “Dueling Banjos” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8reNgcIVFU 1:15
Language Words and symbols used for thinking and communicating • context: situation • phonemes: sounds • morphemes: syllables • grammar: rules for meaning • syntax: order of words
Learning Language • Nonverbal gestures • En route to language, deaf & hearing • Share objects, share info, requests, show emotion • Words • Sensitive period: time when learning is done without effort • 9:22-11:24 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MSKsID4BVPg&feature=related
Discussion • What is the difference between language and communication? • Video: Monkey talks • bricks
Problem Solving • Solutions • Mechanical: trial & error • Reach a banana • Understanding: nature of the problem • Hair colorist • Heuristics: limit possible solutions • Math – greatest common factor • Insight: mental reorganization; sudden realization • tube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySMh1mBi3cI
Barriers to Problem Solving • emotional barriers: fear of mistakes • speaking up in a group • cultural barriers: values that inhibit creativity • culture which values harmony over innovation • learned barriers / functional fixedness: conventions, meanings, possibilities • exfoliator • perceptual barriers: habits, fixed approaches • approaching a relationship problem
Creative Thinking • Creativity • Fluency (#) • Flexibility (types) • Originality (new)
Problems with Intuition • Intuition: quick, emotional response • When is intuition inaccurate? • Representativeness: fits our idea • accountant • Odds • OUR scratcher • Emotion • medicine • Framing • majority vs. 51%
Discussion • How should college admissions be granted? What kinds of intelligence should be emphasized?
