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Historical Geography of the Cold War

Historical Geography of the Cold War. Zoltán Grossman , The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Wash. Marxism. Karl Marx’s class analysis of Germany, Britain Working-class power “Dictatorship of Proletariat” “People’s Democracy” First need capitalism/ industry to create workers

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Historical Geography of the Cold War

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  1. HistoricalGeographyof theCold War Zoltán Grossman, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Wash.

  2. Marxism • Karl Marx’s class analysis of Germany, Britain • Working-class power • “Dictatorship of Proletariat” • “People’s Democracy” • First need capitalism/ industry to create workers • Socialism stage to Communism

  3. RussianMarxism - Bolsheviks (Majority radicals) • Mensheviks (Minority moderates) • Also anarchists, other social revolutionaries Russia had mainly peasantry

  4. Internationalismbefore WW I • European socialists vs. “War of the Bosses” • But when war came, moderates voted for it • Radicals against war (incl. Bolsheviks)

  5. World War I(1914-18) • Central Powers • Germany, Austria- Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Turkey • Allied Powers • Britain, France, Russia, Italy, U.S., Canada • War for democracy? • Russia, Central Powers dictatorships

  6. Russia in WWI • St. Petersburg (capital) renamed Petrograd • Losing on Eastern Front • Immense ruin, hardship • Bolsheviks looked like prophets

  7. REVOLUTION, 1917 • Czar Nicholas II deposed in February; Provisional Gov’t • Soviets (Councils) of workers, soldiers, peasants govern themselves • Bolshevik coup in October in name of Soviets • Surrender in west to Germans, 1918 "The Russian revolution simmered for years and suddenly erupted when th serfs finally realised that the Czar and the Tsar were the same person." –Woody Allen

  8. Russia after WWI • Revolutions collapse in Germany, Hungary • Peasants like breakup of aristocratic holdings, but want to keep their own private land • Bolshevik (Communist) Party amasses centralized power, not Soviets

  9. Civil War (Reds vs. Whites), 1918-21 • Brits, French, Poles, Americans, Japanese intervene for Whites • Russia under siege • Railroads, Trotsky’s “War Communism” brutality win it for Reds

  10. Vladimir Leninera, 1917-24 • Workers and peasants together (Marxism-Leninism) • Faced “Socialism in One Country” • Died 1924; then 3-year power struggle • Petrograd renamed Leningrad

  11. Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Czechoslovakia Austria Hungary Yugoslavia Romania gains Bessarabia (Moldova) Eastern Europe after WWI

  12. Josef Stalinera, 1927-53 • Centralism of Czarist Russia • Ruthless murder of dissidents; purges of leaders • Millions killed

  13. Stalinist “State Socialism” • Central planning of “Command Economy” • Heavy industrialization to catch up to West • Forced collectivization of private farmlands • Discredited socialism as led by The People

  14. WW II, 1939-41 • Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact with Germany • Annexed eastern Poland, Baltics, Bessarabia (Moldavia) • Invaded Finland (Winter War) • Nazis invade USSR, June 1941 • Stalin allies with Brits, U.S.

  15. WW II, 1941-45 • Germans besieged Leningrad through winter • Failed to seize Moscow (government moved east) • Halted at Stalingrad, before Caspian Sea • 20 million Soviets dead, country devastated

  16. USSR after WWII (Re)annexed territory Baltics, Moldavia, E. Poland. Took E. Prussia (Kaliningrad) Troops stay East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria Independent Communist “partisan” states Yugoslavia, Albania, China (1949)

  17. Poland, 1945 USSR annexes eastern Poland, which takes eastern Germany

  18. IronCurtain1946-89 • Churchill speech, 1946: “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic” • Divided West from Central & Easterm Communist states • (West) Berlin Airlift 1948

  19. Soviet Bloc(Yugoslavia, Albania Communist but not Soviet)

  20. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact FRG (West Germany) in NATO, 1954 Warsaw Pact formed 1955, incl. GDR (East Germany) NATO-Soviet nuclear race

  21. View of Communist “Red Bloc” during Cold War Lumping failed to recognize differences among Communists, or local causes of conflict (Vietnam War 1960s)

  22. Containment Theory Extension of Mackinder’s Heartland Theory Isolation of Soviets after 1917 George Kennan (State Dep’t) resurrects after WWII Encircle USSR with military bases, treaties, alliances

  23. Containment Theory

  24. Cold War Massive refugee Crisis, poverty Marshall Plan for recovery in West Western military “containment” Proxy wars in Greece, etc.

  25. Nikita Khrushchev, 1953-64 • Russian from Ukraine • “Destalinization”: less repressive? • Consumer goods emphasis • “Virgin Lands” settlement • Visited, confronted U.S. but backed down in Berlin, Cuba

  26. Revolts inCentral Europe • East Germany, 1953 • Hungary, 1956 Prague Spring 1968 • Broad-based opposition from right & left (workers, students, socialists, liberals, nationalists, church)

  27. Berlin Wall, 1961

  28. Third World • US-USSR proxy“hot wars” • Struggles mainly nationalist, not Communist • Third World competed for aid until Cold War ended • East-West competition in culture Cuba Vietnam Star Trek

  29. Third World Soviets back “national liberation” in Cuba, Vietnam, Angola, South Africa, Chile, Nicaragua, etc. East German posters

  30. NATO and Warsaw Pact NATO not all democratic (Portugal, Spain, Greece, Turkey) Soviets prevent democratization East & West dissidents sometimes make common cause (Vietnam, nukes): “Welcome to Czechago” 1968 U.S. saw Soviets as “totalitarian,” rightist dictators as “authoritarian” Greece 1967 Czechoslovakia 1968

  31. “Politics: The Most Dangerous Sport” • Continued imprisonment of dissidents (Soviet abuse of psychiatry) • Fear of secret police (informing and files) • Resistance and ridicule (secret police jokes, keeping past alive)

  32. Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-82 • Stalin & Khrushchev policies • Economic stagnancy • Military superpower • Brezhnev Doctrine: invaded Czechoslovakia, 1968 Stop “Socialism with a human face” • Détente with U.S., 1972 • Invaded Afghanistan, 1979

  33. Mao felt Moscow sold out Communism Soviet fear of Chinese 1969 border clash Competed in Third World, compete for US support Détente &China Rivalry Nixon visits Moscow for Détente, but also plays “China Card” against Moscow, 1972

  34. George Orwell’s 1984 “Oceania” (NATO) “Eurasia” (USSR) “Eastasia” (China) “On the sixth day of Hate Week… it had been announced that Oceania was not after all at war with Eurasia. Oceania was at war with Eastasia. Eurasia was an ally. There was, of course, no admission that any change had taken place. Merely it became known, with extreme suddenness and everywhere at once, that Eastasia and not Eurasia was the enemy…. Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia.”

  35. WW III possible flashpoints West Germany/West Berlin (1948, 1961) Yugoslavia (1946, 1980s) Cuba (1961, 1962) Iran (1946, 1980) Fears of Soviet invasion?

  36. Military budgets Both economies reliant on military-industrial complex Europeans united against Euromissiles, 1979-83 U.S. forced Soviets to keep up? (Star Wars 1983). Greenham Common UK women’s peace camp

  37. Détente: Helsinki Accords, 1975 VII. Respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief VIII. Equal rights and self-determination of peoples

  38. Soviet Bloc Dissidents in Exile Szelényi (Hungary) Medvedev (USSR) Bahro (East Germany)

  39. Polish Solidarity, 1980-81 • Poles revolted 1956, 1968, 1970 • Workers & students not yet united • Each revolt wins looser controls • Poland looser than others, 1970s • Hungary also “Goulash Communist” • Polish Pope, 1978 • Workers strikes spread from Gdansk, 1980 • Polish military crackdown, 1981

  40. Soviet war in Afghanistan, 1979-89 • Underestimated Muslim mujahadin rebels • Bogged down like Vietnam • Stinger missiles shot down helicopters

  41. Soviet war in Afghanistan, 1979-89 • Withdrew 1989 • Pro-Soviet regime ousted 1992 • Bitter Afghantsy (veterans)

  42. Soviet military overextended beyond Russian Empire Too far to East Diverted by China Too far to (Catholic) West Unraveled in Poland, Baltics Too far to (Muslim) South Lost in Afghanistan

  43. Last days of USSR • Yuri Andropov (ex-KGB), 1982-84 • War fears, spending on “Euromissile” race • Konstantin Chernenko (Brezhnev clone), 1984-85 • Mikhail Gorbachev (glasnost) 1985-91

  44. Historical Geographyof Post-Soviet Era Zoltán Grossman, The Evergreen State College, Olympia, Wash.

  45. Choices in late 1980s • Economic reform, • then political democracy • Shock the economy, • then (maybe) open up • Models of Chile, China Political democracy, then reform economy • Open up society to reform it • U.S. thought “totalitarian” system not reformable

  46. Mikhail Gorbachev, 1985-91 • Democracy, then reform • Socialism with a human face • Openness • Restructuring

  47. Glasnost (Openness) • End to secrecy • After Chernobyl 1986 • Freedom to assemble, speak, etc. • Open discussion of problems

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