Which of the following statements about crime is TRUE?

1. 5 0 0 Which of the following statements about crime is TRUE? • Official crime statistics accurately reflect the amount of crime in Canada. • Most organized criminals are affiliated with the Italian Mafia. • Organized crime exists largely to provide goods and services demanded by “respectable” members of the community. • Rates of murder and other violent crimes have been steadily rising for the past twenty years.

2. 5 0 0 Deviant behaviour • is always serious in nature and is clearly distinguishable from nondeviant behaviour. • is relative because it varies from place to place, time to time, and from group to group. • is always recognized as such, regardless of who’s doing it. • all of the above.

3. 5 0 0 According to strain theory, the cause of deviance is • that people are unable to obtain cultural goals through accepted means, so they turn to deviant means. • a weakening of the bonds tying a person to conventional society. • largely a function of individual psychopathology. • attributed to frequent association with other deviants.

4. 5 0 0 An example of “outer containments” as described by Walter Reckless in his social control theory is • self-control. • a sense of responsibility. • a supportive family. • resistance to unlawful diversions.

5. 5 0 0 The study by William Chambliss found that while the “Saints” committed more offenses than the “Roughnecks,” the “Roughnecks” were more likely to be labelled as deviant because • the Saints were white while the Roughnecks were black. • the Roughnecks came from lower-income families and did poorly in school. • the Saints came from lower-income families and did poorly in school, so people felt sorry for them. • the Saints had much weaker social bonds than the Roughnecks.

6. 5 0 0 A person takes drugs once, doesn’t get caught, and never does it again. This demonstrates ____________ deviance. • secondary • primary • tertiary • fundamental

7. 5 0 0 Which of the following analyses of prostitution best illustrates the radical feminist approach to deviance? • Prostitution is seen as a reflection of society’s double standard, whereby it is acceptable for a man to pay for sex but unacceptable for a woman to accept money for it. • Prostitutes are viewed as deviant because they have been successfully labelled as such by others. • Prostitutes accept their identity as deviants because they continue to engage in the deviant behaviour that led to the label. • The rise in prostitution has to do with the women’s liberation movement; as women gain power, they will also commit more crimes.

8. 5 0 0 Which of the following is/are classified as a “summary conviction” offense? • sexual assault • robbery • causing a disturbance • a and b above

9. 5 0 0 Which category of crime includes all violent crime, certain property crimes, and certain morals crimes? • street • occupational • organized • political

10. 5 0 0 If a worker commits fraud in order to help a company achieve greater profits, that worker has engaged in a form of • street crime. • corporate crime. • property crime. • conventional crime.

11. 5 0 0 Which of the following activities is often linked to organized crime? • corporate price fixing • prostitution • false advertising • embezzling

12. 5 0 0 Based on the text discussion of crime statistics, which of the following statements is FALSE? • Our most important source of crime data is the Canadian Uniform Crime Reports (CUCR) system. • Police statistics always overestimate the actual amount of crime in order to guarantee their budgets are not cut back. • The vast majority of the offences reported in the CUCR come to the attention of the police from the reports of victims of crime. • Victimization surveys provide us with information about crimes that have not been officially reported.

13. 5 0 0 Property crimes peak between the ages of __________. • 12 and 14. • 13 and 15. • 15 and 18. • 17 and 20.

14. 5 0 0 In discussing the similarities between crime rates by males and females, the text observes that: • Most crimes are committed by males. • Females are more likely to be victims than offenders. • The difference between male and female involvement in crime has narrowed over the past three decades. • All of the above.

15. 5 0 0 Which of these provinces/territories has the lowest overall crime rate? • Alberta • Newfoundland • Yukon • British Columbia

16. 5 0 0 Which of the following statements about ethnicity and crime is FALSE? • In societies with culturally heterogeneous populations, some ethnic groups will have higher crime rates than others. • In the United States, African Americans and Hispanics are overrepresented in arrest data. • In Canada, Aboriginal peoples are underrepresented in the federal correctional system’s population. • Overall in Canada, non-Aboriginal visible ethnic minorities are underrepresented in the federal correctional system’s population.

17. 5 0 0 Most Canadians learn about crime through • first-hand experience. • academic publications. • misrepresentations in the media. • police reports to the general public.

18. 5 0 0 This form of punishment is based on the premise that the greater the degree of social harm, the more the offender should be punished. • retribution • social protection • rehabilitation • deterrence

19. 5 0 0 This form of punishment seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens. • retribution • social protection • rehabilitation • deterrence

20. 5 0 0 The text suggests that the best way to reduce delinquency and crime in the future is through • prevention. • higher arrest rates. • stiffer sentences. • active implementation of the death penalty.

21. 5 0 0 The text defines deviance as any • violation of the law by young people under the age of 18. • serious violation of consistent moral codes. • form of behaviour that produces some degree of social harm. • behaviour, belief, or condition that violates cultural norms. • act that violates the law.

22. 5 0 0 According to sociologist Walter Reckless, self-control, a sense of responsibility and resistance to unlawful diversions would be classified as • social bonds. • inner containments. • illegitimate opportunities. • differential associations. • positive self-development.

23. 5 0 0 According to Richard Quinney • primary deviance is the initial act of law-breaking, while secondary deviance occurs when a person accepts the new identity and continues the deviant behaviour. • people with economic and political power define as criminal any behaviour that threatens their own interests. • people learn to engage in deviance through social interaction. • people engage in deviant behaviour when their ties to conventional society are weak. • for deviance to occur people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures.

24. 5 0 0 The misuse of power by government officials would be considered • street crime. • political crime. • occupational crime. • organized crime. • corporate crime.

25. 5 0 0 Which of the following statements accurately reflects the role of the media in relation to crime? • The media actually constructs, as opposed to reports, the news. • The picture of crime we receive from the media is inaccurate and includes stereotypes of offenders. • “If it bleeds, it leads” a news report even though violent crime is relatively rare in our society. • Canadians are led to believe that violent crime is prevalent. • All of the above