Asch's Findings on Conformity and Cognitive Dissonance

1. LO 13.1 Which of the following statements is true about Asch’s (1951) findings on conformity? Only 1/3 of participants conformed to the wrong answers of the group. A majority of participants (66%) conformed to the wrong answers of the group. Participant conformity levels did not change when a confederate who went against the wrong answers of the group was present Women were more likely to conform to the wrong answers of the group than men Conformity was greater in nations that were individualistic rather than collectivistic.

2. LO 13.1 Which of the following statements is true about Asch’s (1951) findings on conformity? Only 1/3 of participants conformed to the wrong answers of the group. (p. 481) A majority of participants (66%) conformed to the wrong answers of the group. Participant conformity levels did not change when a confederate who went against the wrong answers of the group was present Women were more likely to conform to the wrong answers of the group than men Conformity was greater in nations that were individualistic rather than collectivistic.

3. LO 13.2 All of the following are symptoms or causes of groupthink EXCEPT: • Illusion of invulnerability • Protection of group from contrary viewpoints • Pressure to conform to group opinion • Impartial and critical decision making • Bad group decisions

4. LO 13.2 All of the following are symptoms or causes of groupthink EXCEPT: • Illusion of invulnerability • Protection of group from contrary viewpoints • Pressure to conform to group opinion • Impartial and critical decision making (p. 482) • Bad group decisions

5. LO 13.3 Your friend asks you for a ride to school and, only after you agree, tells you that his class meets at 7 am, although your first class does not start until noon. This illustrates which compliance technique? • Low-ball • Foot-in-the-door • Door-in-the-face • That’s not all • Norm of reciprocity

6. LO 13.3 Your friend asks you for a ride to school and, only after you agree, tells you that his class meets at 7 am, although your first class does not start until noon. This illustrates which compliance technique? • Low-ball • Foot-in-the-door (p. 483) • Door-in-the-face • That’s not all • Norm of reciprocity

7. LO 13.5 Which of the following does the theory of social impairment predict? • People will do worse on both easy and difficult tasks in the presence of others than if no one were present. • The presence of others will only decrease performance on difficult tasks. • The presence of others will only decrease performance on easy tasks. • People will put in less effort when they are alone than when they are in a group. • People will put in more effort when they are alone than when they are in a group.

8. LO 13.5 Which of the following does the theory of social impairment predict? • People will do worse on both easy and difficult tasks in the presence of others than if no one were present. • The presence of others will only decrease performance on difficult tasks. (p. 487-488) • The presence of others will only decrease performance on easy tasks. • People will put in less effort when they are alone than when they are in a group. • People will put in more effort when they are alone than when they are in a group.

9. LO 13.6 Which of the following most closely demonstrates a cognitive component of an attitude? • A father believes that smoking marijuana is unethical. • A young girl is scared of the effects of alcohol on her physical and mental health. • A young woman steals clothes from a store. • A young man beats up someone he does not like. • A religious man dislikes people who have premarital sexual relations.

10. LO 13.6 Which of the following most closely demonstrates a cognitive component of an attitude? • A father believes that smoking marijuana is unethical. (p. 489-490) • A young girl is scared of the effects of alcohol on her physical and mental health. • A young woman steals clothes from a store. • A young man beats up someone he does not like. • A religious man dislikes people who have premarital sexual relations.

11. LO 13.7 According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, each of the following characteristics may be considered by a person following the peripheral route to persuasion EXCEPT: • Content of message • Expertise of source • Length of message • Emotional tone conveyed in the message • Attractiveness of person delivering message

12. LO 13.7 According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, each of the following characteristics may be considered by a person following the peripheral route to persuasion EXCEPT: • Content of message (p. 492) • Expertise of source • Length of message • Emotional tone conveyed in the message • Attractiveness of person delivering message

13. LO 13.8 In the classic study on cognitive dissonance by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959), subjects were most likely to demonstrate attitude change if: • They were paid $1 to tell someone a boring task was interesting • They were paid $20 to tell someone a boring task was interesting • They were paid before lying to another person • They found the task interesting prior to lying • The experimenter insisted that they lie to the other person

14. LO 13.8 In the classic study on cognitive dissonance by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959), subjects were most likely to demonstrate attitude change if: • They were paid $1 to tell someone a boring task was interesting (p. 493-494) • They were paid $20 to tell someone a boring task was interesting • They were paid before lying to another person • They found the task interesting prior to lying • The experimenter insisted that they lie to the other person

15. LO 13.10 A man shoves a woman out of a doorway of a store. The woman attributes his behavior to the fact that the man is a rude person, but then sees the man rush over to give CPR to a woman collapsed on the floor. This best illustrates what phenomena? • Situational attribution • Fundamental attribution error • Self-fulfilling prophecy • Obedience • Aggression

16. LO 13.10 A man shoves a woman out of a doorway of a store. The woman attributes his behavior to the fact that the man is a rude person, but then sees the man rush over to give CPR to a woman collapsed on the floor. This best illustrates what phenomena? • Situational attribution • Fundamental attribution error (p. 496) • Self-fulfilling prophecy • Obedience • Aggression

17. LO 13.12 Which of the following statements about prejudice is FALSE? • It can involve either positive or negative attitudes towards an outside group. • It can lead people in a stigmatized group to act in ways that confirm stereotypes typically associated with prejudice. • It usually occurs due to social categorization of groups based on meaningful characteristics (e.g., race, ethnicity). • It may result due to scapegoating. • It may result from downward social comparisons.

18. LO 13.12 Which of the following statements about prejudice is FALSE? • It can involve either positive or negative attitudes towards an outside group. • It can lead people in a stigmatized group to act in ways that confirm stereotypes typically associated with prejudice. • It usually occurs due to social categorization of groups based on meaningful characteristics (e.g., race, ethnicity). (p. 498-502) • It may result due to scapegoating. • It may result from downward social comparisons.

19. LO 13.12 Which of the following is true about the jigsaw classroom? • There is a group leader that organizes the efforts of the group. • Children of only similar backgrounds are placed in a group to work together • Only 1 or 2 students are responsible for completing the work for the entire group. • Students work in isolation on their piece of the project and do not share their work with others. • Each student is given an equal contribution to the final output of the group (e.g., grade).

20. LO 13.12 Which of the following is true about the jigsaw classroom? • There is a group leader that organizes the efforts of the group. • Children of only similar backgrounds are placed in a group to work together. • Only 1 or 2 students are responsible for completing the work for the entire group. • Students work in isolation on their piece of the project and do not share their work with others. • Each student is given an equal contribution to the final output of the group (e.g., grade). (p. 502)

21. LO 13.13 Each of the following are factors known to be involved in the process of physical attraction EXCEPT: • Physical attractiveness • Proximity • Similarity • Complementarity of traits • Repeated exposure

22. LO 13.13 Each of the following are factors known to be involved in the process of physical attraction EXCEPT: • Physical attractiveness • Proximity • Similarity • Complementarity of traits (p. 503-504) • Repeated exposure

23. LO 13.14 According to Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, the type of love that is high in commitment and passion but low in intimacy is called: • Romantic love • Consummate love • Fatuous love • Empty love • Infatuation

24. LO 13.14 According to Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, the type of love that is high in commitment and passion but low in intimacy is called: • Romantic love • Consummate love • Fatuous love (p. 504) • Empty love • Infatuation

25. LO 13.15 Zimbardo’s (1971) Stanford Prison study most closely examined which of the following phenomena? • The power of social roles • Obedience to an authority figure • Group conformity • Aggression • Both 1 and 4

26. LO 13.15 Zimbardo’s (1971) Stanford Prison study most closely examined which of the following phenomena? • The power of social roles • Obedience to an authority figure • Group conformity • Aggression • Both 1 and 4 (p. 507-508)

27. LO 13.17 The most likely reason that Kitty Genovese did not receive help when being stabbed in front of her apartment is: • The situation was ambiguous. • No observers noticed the emergency or heard her cries for help. • No observers took responsibility for helping. • No observers planned a course of action to help. • No observers cared about her safety.

28. LO 13.17 The most likely reason that Kitty Genovese did not receive help when being stabbed in front of her apartment is: • The situation was ambiguous. • No observers noticed the emergency or heard her cries for help. • No observers took responsibility for helping. (p. 509-511) • No observers planned a course of action to help. • No observers cared about her safety.

29. LO 13.18 Which of the following is generally true about helping behavior? • People in a bad mood are more likely to help to make themselves feel better. • Bystanders look to one another for cues to interpret the severity of the emergency. • The more people in a group, the more likely that a victim will receive needed help. • People in a good mood are more likely to help others. • People will always carry through with helping behavior once they have defined the situation as an emergency.

30. LO 13.18 Which of the following is generally true about helping behavior? • People in a bad mood are more likely to help to make themselves feel better. • Bystanders look to one another for cues to interpret the severity of the emergency. • The more people in a group, the more likely that a victim will receive needed help. • People in a good mood are more likely to help others. (p. 511) • People will always carry through with helping behavior once they have defined the situation as an emergency.