1. Impact of Stress on Heart Disease Risk Need http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hphr/winter-2009/winter09heart.html#riskchart Knowledge Base Literature Review • Li et al., in 2010 • Qualitative data collection occurred through immunochemical staining at 0, 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours of exposure. • Activity of the Nrf2 transcriptional factor was analyzed through ARE-luciferace reporter assay. • Suggests American ginseng suppresses oxidative damage and related cell death in cardiomyocytes in activating Nrf2 transcription and protein expression Red shows Nrf2 • Jiang et al., in 2007 • From Panaxginseng- Ginsenoside Rb1 releases nitric oxide to decrease intracellular free Ca2+ in cardiac myocytes • Rb1 released nitric oxide showed an antihypertrophic effect in rat right ventricle cell cultures • Ghayur et al., in 2005 • Blood pressure of rats decreases under the inoculation of ginger aqueous crude extract (Zo·Cr) Acetylcholine control Ginger aqueous extract (Zo.Cr) Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to observe the effect of inducing cardiovascular stress through caffeine on the heart-rate of Daphniamagna simultaneously exposed to ginger, Chinese ginseng, or American ginseng extract. Hypothesis H(0): The null hypothesis states that American Ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius) will have no effect on stressed Daphnia magna heart rate. H(A): The alternate hypothesis states that American Ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius) will have a beneficial effect on stressed Daphnia magna. H(0): The null hypothesis states that Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng)will have no effect on stressed Daphnia magna heart rate. H(A): The alternate hypothesis states that Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng)will have a beneficial effect on stressed Daphnia magna. H(0): The null hypothesis states that Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) will have no effect on stressed Daphnia magna heart rate. H(A): The alternate hypothesis states that Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) will have a beneficial effect on stressed Daphnia magna.

2. The Effects of Chinese medicine on cardiovascular stress of Daphnia magna Control N=50 Variables N=30 Control0 Temperature Effect on Daphnia magna Heartrate N=20 American Ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius) and caffeine's effect on daphnia heartrate N=10 Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) and caffeine's effect on daphnia heartrate N=10 Control0 Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng) N=10 Control0 American Ginseng (Panaxquinquefolius) N=10 Control0 N=10 Daphnia magna from Carolina Biological(N=80) 20C N=5 25C N=5 30C N=5 35C N=5 Control0 Caffeine N=10 Chinese Ginseng (Panax ginseng) and caffeine's effect on daphnia heartrate N=10 Control0 Ginger (Zingiberofficinale) N=10 Culturing of Daphnia magna in aquatic tanks Making ginger, American and Chinese ginseng extracts Statistical analysis using SPSS and ANOVA (p˂.05) Video recording of heart-rate using Sony Cybershot and fluorescent microscope Counting of heart-rate Graph 1:Comparing the means of central tendency of the uncaffinated groups. The heart rate ranges from 288 beats/min. in the negative control to 408 beats/min. in the Ginseng group. Graph 2: Comparing the means of central tendency of the Caffeinated groups. The heart rate ranges from 234 beats/min. in the negative control to 445 beats/min. in the Ginseng group. The largest standard deviation was 42 beats/min. in the Ginger group. Graph 3: Comparison of Heart rates between Caffeinated and Uncaffeinated groups. The difference ranges from 317 to 354 beats/min. with a difference of 37 beats/min. and 234 and 408 beats/min. in the negative and positive control groups with a difference of 174 beats/min. Statistical analysis using ANOVA  followed by a Scheffe post-Hoc test at p<.05 revealed significant differences between each caffeinated group and their respective controls. The largest significant p-value was 6 x 10-5 between the two American Ginseng groups. The caffeinated Chinese and American Ginseng groups showed a significant decrease in average heart rate compared to the caffeine control, and the caffeinated Chinese Ginseng grouped even showed a significant decrease in heart rate with its uncaffeinated group.

3. Discussion Daphnia magna under 40xmagnification Heart American Heart Association. "Congestive Heart Failure." American Heart Association. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4585>.Avinash R. Vaidya1, Laura Gurenlian1, Lauren Brady1, Noelle Erin Romero1, and Rebecca Kohn1, Cardioactive effects of diphenhydramine and curcumin in Daphniamagna, Impulse: The Premier Journal for Undergraduate Publications in the Neurosciences 2009, vol 1,pg 1-12 Chang CH, Wang YM, Yang AH, Chiang SS. Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis associated with Chinese herbal medications. Am. J. Nephrol. 2001; 21: 441–8. Geng Jun, et al. Clinical observation on Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang's treatment for coronary heart disease. Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Application of TCM. 1999;15(2):43-44. Heart, Download. "The Truth Behind Congestive Heart Failure | Heart Disease." Heart Information | Heart Diseases | Healthy Heart Tips & Guides. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://www.downloadheart.us/the-truth-behind-congestive-heart-failure.html>. Junxian Wang, Zongliang Lu, Jiamin Chi, Wenhua Wang, Meizhe Su, Wenrong Kou, Pulin, Lijiang Yu, Li Chen, Jia-Shi Zhu, Joseph Chang Multicenter clinical trial of the serum lipid-lowering effects of a Monascuspurpureus (red yeast) rice preparation from traditional Chinese medicine, Current Therapeutic Research, Volume 58, Pages 964-978, December 1997 Joong-Ho Kwona, Jacqueline M. R. Bélanger, , b, J. R. Jocelyn Paréb and Varoujan A. Yaylayan, Application of the microwave-assisted process (MAP™) to the fast extraction of ginseng saponins, October 22 2003, Food Research International, vol 35, pgs 491-498 Kit, Wong Kiew. The Complete Book of Chinese Medicine: A Holistic Approach to Physical, Emotional and Mental Health. Brooklyn, NY: Cosmos Publishing, 2002. Schmeiser HH, Bieler CA, Wiessler M, Van Ypersele de Strihou C, Cosyns JP. Detection of DNA adducts formed by aristolochic acid in renal tissue from patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy. Cancer Res. 1996; 56: 2025–8. Solez K, Daugirdas J, Gregory MC et al. Is ‘Chinese herbs nephropathy’ a prejudicial term? [Comment]. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2001; 38: 1141–2. Tanaka A, Nishida R, Maeda K, Sugawara A, Kuwahara T. Chinese herb nephropathy in Japan presents adult-onset Fanconi's syndrome: Could different components of aristolochic acids cause a different type of Chinese herb nephropathy? Clin. Nephrol. 2000; 53: 301–6. Tang, Gui Pi. "Abnormal Heart Beat." Chinese Medicine Cure. Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://chinesemedicinecure.com/node/713>. Williams, Tom. Complete Illustrated Guide to Chinese Medicine: Using Traditional Chinese Medicine for Harmony of Mind and Body. New York: Thorsons, 2003. "Graph 8 : Congestive Heart Failure." Home Of The Official New York State Hospital Report Card(sm). Web. 27 Jan. 2011. <http://www.myhealthfinder.com/newyork10/reg.php?table=08>. Yang CS, Lin CH, Chang SH, Hsu HC. Rapidly progressive fibrosing interstitial nephritis associated with Chinese herbal drugs [Comment]. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2000; 35: 313–18. Daphnia magna under 250x magnification Photos taken by authors • The purpose of this experiment was to observe the effect of Chinese herbal medicine (Panaxquinquefolius, Panax ginseng, and, Zingiberofficinale) on the cardiovascular stress of Daphnia magna • The alternate hypothesis was supported in heart rate comparisons between each of the non-caffeinated variables and the negative control as well as between the caffeinated groups and the caffeine control with the exception of the Ginger groups • Results were comparable to Chang et al. 2001 and Vaidya et al. 2009. • Chinese and American Ginseng extracts can decrease heart rate of Daphnia magna under cardiovascular stress induced through caffeine. • Limitation was the sample size Future Studies • Using chemical compounds found in ginger and ginseng • Long term effects of extracts • Testing on higher mammals with cardiovascular systems relating more directly to humans Conclusion • Aside from the control the Chinese Ginseng group had the largest significant difference between its caffeinated and uncaffeinated group and the American Ginseng group had less of a significant difference between groups. • Chinese Ginseng, and American Ginseng extracts significantly lower the heart rate of Daphnia magna under cardiovascular stressin both caffeinated and uncaffeinated conditions. Selected Bibliography